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UNIT 1 US History/Chapter 2 “New Empires in the Americas” Section 1: “Europeans Set Sail” Vikings: First Europeans to make contact with North America From Scandinavia (today- Denmark, Norway, & Sweden) Skilled sailors, invented the longship- new style of ship that curved up at both ends that allowed for better travel Sailed the Mediterranean and Black seas, eventually reaching the Atlantic Founded a settlement on Icelend Leif Eriksson- Norwegian explorer, son of Erik the Red, was first European to explore the Americas Left NA because of Native American attacks Prince Henry the Navigator- Portugal leader responsible for advances that made exploration more sucessful Observatory School of navigation- taught better methods of sailing Financed research for mapmakers and shipbuilders Paid for expeditions to explore the west coast of Africa Reasons to Explore the World Asian spices (wanted to buy directly) Religion o Christians wanted to convert more people to their faith Asian cultures What helped advancing world exploration? New technology o Astrolabe- device that enabled navigators to learn their ship’s location by charting the position of the stars o Caravels- smaller, lighter, and easier to steer ships designed by Portuguese; had triangular sails to allow ships to sail against the wind Bartholomeu Dias- led expedition from Portugal, along African coast, reaching the southern tip of Africa Vasco de Gama- was sent by King of Portugal to circle the tip of Africa, arriving in SW India, allowing Portugal to win the European race for a sea route to Asia -Increased trade routes brought wealth and power to Portugal, encouraging other European countries to find their own trade routes Section 2: “Europeans Reach the Americas” Christopher Columbus- Italian sailor who was convinced he could reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean Convinced King & Queen of Spain to finance his journey to the New World Was ordered to bring back any riches and claim any land discovered for Spain August 3, 1492- Columbus’s 3 ships set sail o Nina o Pinta o Santa Maria October 12, 1492- ships landed on an island in the Bahamas Originally thought he had reached Asia; believed that until his death Impact of Columbus’s Voyage Changed way Europeans thought of the world New interaction between Europe and the Americas CONFLICT both Spain & Portugal wanted to add these lands to their empire o Line of Demarcation- an imaginary line (set by Spain’s pope) that split the Atlantic Ocean, stating that Spain could claim all land west of the line Portugal thought this arrangement favored Spain, so to avoid war…. o Treaty of Tordesillas- moved the Line of Demarcation 800 miles further west Other Explorers Sail to the Americas Amerigo Vespucci- sailed to South America, convinced the land he reached was not Asia, but a “New World,” further gaining the names North & South America Vasco Nunez de Balboa- Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific Ocean Ferdinand Magellan- Portuguese explorer who sailed into the Pacific Ocean Circumnavigate- go all the way around the globe; Magellan’s sailors were the 1st Columbian Exchange- European explorers took a variety of plants and animals to and from the Americas New to Europeans- corn, potatoes, tobacco, cocoa New to the Americas- horses, cattle, pigs, wheat, and barley. ALSO DEADLY DISEASE! Section 3: “Spain Builds and Empire” Conquistadors- Spanish soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americas Hernan Cortes- sailed to present-day Mexico and conquered the Aztec Empire Conquest of the Aztec Empire Moctezuma- ruler of the Aztec Empire Spain saw riches in Aztec Empire and wanted to convert people to Christianity At first Moctezuma welcomed Cortes Cortes then tok Moctezuma as prisoner and seized control of city Conquest of the Inca Empire Francisco Pizarro- conquered the Inca Empire Pizarro’s troops caputred the Inca capital, killing its leaders Spanish Settlements Spanish began to settle their new empire New Spain Spain’s government wanted to control migration to the Americas o Jews, Muslims, and non-Christians could not go o At first, most emigrants were men Three Kinds of Settlements in New Spain 1. Pueblos- served as trading posts and centers of government 2. Missions- priests here to convert local Native Americans to Catholicism 3. Presidios- military bases, to protect towns and missions Juan Ponce de Leon- discovered present-day Florida Hernando de Soto- discovered the Mississippi River DeVaca- captured and enslaved by Native American groups, later returned to Spain and called for better treatment of Native Americans, wrote a book that sparked further interest in NA Coronado- set out to find the Seven Cities of Gold Spanish Treatment of Native Americans Forced Labor Encomienda system- gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work; in exchange, settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity Instead, most treated as slaves Plantations- large farms that grew just one kind of crop Religion Spanish kind commanded priests to convert locals to Christian faith Bartolome de Las Casa- believed in a more peaceful way of kindness to convert Native Americans to Christianity Section 4: “The Race for Empires” Events in Europe Protestant Reformation- religious movement, started by German priest Martin Luther; felt Roman Catholic Church was too wealthy and abused its power Protestants- followers of the reformation led by Luther and protested Church’s practices Spain & England go to war King of Spain wanted to drive protestants out of England Spanish armada- huge fleet of warships meant to end the English plans and overthrow Protestant Queen Elizabeth English defeated the Armada Then England began to challenge Spain overseas (New World) Northwest passage- water route through NA that would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific English Presence in the New World Charter- permission to start a colony Sir Walter Raleigh- started the first colony in New World for England Virginia John White- settled Roanoke, 2nd England colony in North Carolina Virginia Dare- first English colonist born in North America French Presence in the New World Built their first settlement in FL Samuel de Champlain- visited the Great Lakes, founded Quebec and helped France gain much of Canada Robert de La Salle- discovered Louisiana and named it for the king of France Dutch Presence in the New World Came in search of trade NY, NJ, Connecticut, and Delaware Peter Minuit- bouth Manhattan Island from Native American for $24New York City Section 5: “Beginnings of Slavery in the Americas” -Many Native Americans died from diseases brought over from the Europeans, causing NA population to decline and a need for a labor force -Africans had already developed an immunity to European disease, so enslaved Africans from West Africa became their solution The Slave Trade 1518- the first ship of Africans arrived in the Americas More than 1 million slaves brought over Middle Passage- voyage across the Atlantic Ocean that enslaved Africans were forced to endure African Diaspora- enslaved Africans were sent all across the New World Slave Culture in the Americas Families were a vital part of culture- often got broken apart Religion was important- gave slaves a sense of hope and self-worth Art & dance- important social events in slave communities