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Hearing 1 Focus • How does the hearing process work? 2 Hearing The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves Sound waves are compressing and expanding air molecules. 3 Sound Characteristics 1. Frequency (pitch) 2. Intensity (loudness) 3. Purity/quality (timbre) 4 The Ear Dr. Fred Hossler/ Visuals Unlimited 5 The Ear Outer Ear: Collects and sends sounds to the eardrum. Middle Ear: Chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window. Inner Ear: Innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. 6 Cochlea Cochlea: Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that transforms sound vibrations to auditory signals. 7 Focus • How can we tell where sound is coming from? • What processes within our bodies help keep us balanced? 8 Intensity (Loudness) Intensity (Loudness): Amount of energy in a wave, determined by the amplitude, relates to the perceived loudness. 9 Loudness of Sound Richard Kaylin/ Stone/ Getty Images 120dB 10 70dB Frequency (Pitch) Frequency (pitch): The dimension of frequency determined by the wavelength of sound. Wavelength: The distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next. 11 Localization of Sounds Because we have two ears, sounds that reach one ear faster than the other ear cause us to localize the sound. 12 chapter 6 Auditory localization Sounds from different directions are not identical as they arrive at left and right ears. Loudness Timing The brain calculates a sound’s location by using these differences. Localization of Sound 1. Intensity differences 2. Time differences Time differences as small as 1/100,000 of a second can cause us to localize sound. The head acts as a “shadow” or partial sound barrier. 14 Body Position and Movement The sense of our body parts’ position and movement is called kinesthesis or proprioception. The vestibular sense monitors the head (and body’s) position. Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works http://www.heyokamagazine.com Whirling Dervishes Wire Walk 15 chapter 6 The environment within Kinesthesis/Proprioception The sense of body position and movement of body parts Equilibrium The sense of balance Semicircular canals Sense organs in the inner ear, which contribute to equilibrium by responding to rotation of the head Touch Bruce Ayers/ Stone/ Getty Images The sense of touch is a mix of four distinct skin senses—pressure, warmth, cold, and pain. 17 Skin Senses Only pressure has identifiable receptors. All other skin sensations are variations of pressure, warmth, cold and pain. Pressure Burning hot Vibration Vibration Cold, warmth and pain 18 Touch • Transduction = at nerve endings • Different receptors = more sensitive to different types of touch (mechanical, thermal, chemical) • Certain areas of body = more sensitive to touch than others – Lips, fingertips, face 19 The Man Who Lost His Body (Proprioception) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AvLRwRAAo ww Pain Pain tells the body that something has gone wrong. Usually pain results from damage to the skin and other tissues. A rare disease exists in which the afflicted person feels no pain. AP Photo/ Stephen Morton Ashley Blocker (right) feels neither pain nor extreme hot or cold. 21 Painful Stimuli Energy Example Everyday Example Possible result if untreated Mechanical Strong Pressure Animal bite Pinch Knife cut Squeeze Falling off bike Twist Bruises Broken Bones Cuts Thermal (Temperature) Hot Cold Fire Hot chocolate Ice Burns Frostbite Electrical Electric shock Burns Chemical Acid Chili peppers Chemical burns Broken skin Visceral (inside your body Heart attack Inflamed appendix Condition gets worse 22 Biopsychosocial Influences 23 Gate-Control Theory Melzack and Wall (1965, 1983) proposed that our _______ ______contains neurological “gates” that either block pain or allow it to be sensed. Gary Comer/ PhototakeUSA.com 24 Gate-Control Theory Melzack and Wall (1965, 1983) proposed that our spinal cord contains neurological “gates” that either block pain or allow it to be sensed. Gary Comer/ PhototakeUSA.com 25 Pain Control Pain can be controlled by a number of therapies including, drugs, surgery, acupuncture, exercise, hypnosis, and even thought distraction. Todd Richards and Aric Vills, U.W. ©Hunter Hoffman, www.vrpain.com 26 Focus 1. What are the processes involved in smell and taste perception? 2. What is the role of sensory interaction in our sensory experiences? 27 Taste (Gustation) Traditionally, taste sensations consisted of sweet, salty, sour, and bitter tastes. Recently, receptors for a fifth taste have been discovered called “Umami”. Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami (Fresh Chicken) 28 Taste •Transduction = in tastebuds •located on tongue, on palate, in throat • substances MUST BE DISSOLVED TO BE TASTED •tongue mapping for taste buds = inaccurate • buds for different tastes = not just in one area • Smell, vision, touch (texture, temperature) all influence taste 29 Sensory Interaction When one sense affects another sense, sensory interaction takes place. So, the taste of strawberry interacts with its smell and its texture on the tongue to produce flavor. 30 Smell (Olfaction) Like taste, smell is a chemical sense. Odorants enter the nasal cavity to stimulate 5 million receptors to sense smell. Unlike taste, there are many different forms of smell. 31 Smell • Transduction = membrane in upper nasal cavity – Gases – must be dissolved – 500 different odor receptors – can discriminate 10,000 different smells BUT have trouble identifying what they are without help from other senses 32 Smell • Factors that influence odor perception – Age – Gender – Disease/injury – Adaptation – Expectations (risks/health issues/color) 33 Smell • Cultural issues – What was considered to be a “good” odor depended on the individual culture – “Bad” odors were same across cultures Bad odor #1 across all cultures? “bathroom” odors Bad odor #2 across all cultures? rotting garbage 34 Smell and Memories The brain region for smell (in red) is closely connected with the brain regions involved with memory (limbic system). That is why strong memories are made through the sense of smell. 35