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Using Secondary Sources in Writing General Thoughts • Reminder: Do NOT explicate secondary sources • Cite all sources on Works Cited page in alphabetical order • Use secondary sources to support your argumentative claims or create a meaningful contrast of ideas • A research essay without meaningful integrated research is NOT a research essay! Rule #1: Paraphrase Whenever Possible • Shows that you truly understand the secondary material • Helps readers understand complex or ambiguous secondary sources • Keeps the focus on analyzing the primary source “Integrating Sources.” California State University, Sacramento. Rule #2: Quote When Appropriate • The source author’s point can't be expressed more clearly and concisely • A dense passage needs to be analyzed closely in order for the reader to understand • You are disagreeing with the source author and ensuring the reader that you are not misrepresenting the opposing argument “Integrating Sources.” California State University, Sacramento. Rule #3: No Clutter • Refer to source author by full name ONCE, last name only thereafter • No source titles! (Readers can find secondary source titles on the Works Cited page) • Do not announce source authors as literary critics or use similar titles “Integrating Sources.” California State University, Sacramento. Rule #4: Parenthetical Citations • If the author’s name is Jacobs and you use their name in the sentence, the citation will only include the page number or other appropriate marker (241). • If you do not mention the author’s name in the sentence, you must include it in the citation (Jacobs 241). “Integrating Sources.” California State University, Sacramento. Example #1: Disagreement Susan Snyder contends that Shakespeare “detaches [Iago’s] hatred from any immediate cause” (289), but it is more likely that Iago’s reasons for hating Othello are all too real. For example, in Iago’s second soliloquy… Example #2: Paraphrase Shakespeare uses a simile to compare the smoothness of Desdemona’s skin to alabaster, indicating that Othello’s bride is a beautiful commodity that is owned, not loved. Through Othello’s obsession, Shakespeare argues that marriage is a flawed institution that endangers women. Snyder similarly notes that Othello’s views towards Desdemona are informed by deep-rooted and misinformed ideas of gender and marriage (295). Since Othello is one of many men entrenched in such ideas, the implicit warning works just as well for Elizabethan women as it does for Desdemona. Example #3: Name in Citation Shakespeare’s characterization of Othello as a stranger to Venice (and by extension, Desdemona) implies that any loveless marriage is doomed to fail. Further, it is clear that a lack of common ground can highlight the fragility of the very notion of love (Snyder 293). In a marriage defined by such fragility, the slightest misgiving is likely to prove fatal.