Download Nucleic Acids

The Chemistry of Life
LIFE DEPENDS ON CHEMISTRY!
Biomolecules
“Carbon Compounds”
You have probably learned about levels of
organization within living things in the past…
- Organism
- Organ Systems
- Organs
- Tissues
- Cells
But we are going smaller!
Size of Atom
What is everything made of?
ATOMS make-up the smallest
units matter.
Introduction to Biomolecules
 Intro to Biomolecules Video
Parts of an Atom
►An atom consists of a proton, neutron, and an
electron.
The Nucleus contains:
-Proton (+ charge)
-Neutron (no charge)
The outer shells contain:
-Electrons (- charge)
Because the number of P+ is always equal
To the number of E-, the atom is Neutral
meaning it has no charge.
Atoms Make Up Elements
Elements are pure
substances made of
only one type of atom.
Elements chemically
combine with other
elements to form molecules
and compounds.
Are atoms in all living things?
 Yes!
 From grass to amoebas, from bacteria
to bunnies; all living things are made
up of atoms.
 Living things are made up of only a
few main elements/atoms:
 N, O, P, Na, Ca, K, H, Fe, and C
Basic parts and pieces of living
things.
All living organisms require the same basic
“building blocks” to survive and function.
Biomolecules are chemical compounds that
naturally occur in living organisms
 These Biomolecules give us energy, form
the structures that make us, and
determine our characteristics (traits).
 Biomolecules are necessary for the
existence of all known forms of life.
August 31, 2016
 Objective: Gain an understanding of the different




biomolecules
Bell Work: In your own words, define and draw
Homeostasis and Metabolism
Greek Words:
 Mono-: Alone, single, or one
 Di-: Two, twice, or double
 Poly-: Much or many
Definitions:
 Molecule – two or more atoms bonded together
 Monomer – a subunit of a complete molecule
 Polymer – large molecule (macromolecule) made of
many monomers bonded together
Assignment: Create a foldable for each biomolecule
Macromolecules
 Many of the molecules in living cells are so
large that they are known as macromolecules,
which means, “giant molecules”.
 Macromolecules are formed by a process known
as polymerization.
 Polymerization is building large molecules
from smaller ones. Monomers
Polymers
Macromolecules
Macromolecules/Biomolecules Found in
Living Things
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Amoeba Sisters: Biomolecules
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Chains of Sugars
 Provides the main source of energy for
living things.
 Contain C, H ,O in a 1:2:1 ration
 Living things store extra sugar as Starch
 Starches form when sugars join in long
chains
 Plants store carbs as starch
 Animals store carbs as glycogen
Monomer-sugar (monosaccharides) /
polymer-starch (disaccharides) /
macromolecule-carbohydrate
(polysaccharides)
Carbohydrates – chains of sugars
 Monosaccharaides (simple sugars)
i.e. C6H12O6 - glucose
Monomer
• Disaccharaides (double ring sugars)
i.e. sucrose – table sugar
Polymer
Polysaccharides (complex sugars) starch,
cellulose, and glycogen
Macromolecule
Lipids
o Usually considered as either fat or oil
o Are NOT water soluble (don’t dissolve)
o Important for storing energy in living things and
providing biological membranes and waterproof
covering
o High energy food
o Protect vital organs
o Insulates the body
o Stores food (energy) for later use
o Made of C,H,O
o Made of fatty acids and glycerol
Structure of Lipids
Structure of Lipids
Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Saturated – No C=C
double bonds
Unsaturated- one
C=C double bond
Polyunsaturatedmore than one C=C
double bond
Which is worse saturated, unsaturated,
or polyunsaturated fat/lipid?
Proteins
 Contain C, H, O, N
 Made of amino acids
 Help with movement because they make up
muscle tissue
 Transport- carries oxygen
 Immunity – helps fight off foreign invaders
 Enzymes- speed up chemical reactions
 Build internal structures
Monomer is a Amino Acid
Polymer is a Protein
Protein (Structure)
Nucleic Acids
•Nucleic acids store and transmit
heredity or genetic information
•Nucleic acids contain C H O N P
Monomer is a Nucleotide
Polymer is a Nucleic Acid
Nucleic Acids
 Two types of nucleic acids
 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic
acid)
 RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
Contain genetic
code/information that
determines our
characteristics (traits)
Nucleic Acids
 Monomer is called a
nucleotide.
 Made from a sugar
ring, phosphate group
and a nitrogen base.
 Polymer is nucleic
acid
Biomolecule Foldable
Things to remember:
 Center: write the name of •Be sure to organize your
information in a way that
the biomolecule
you can use it.
• Top Left: Basic structure
of monomer and polymer
• Top Right: Function
• Bottom Left: Building
Blocks
• Bottom Right: Examples
•Basic structures for both
the monomer and the
polymer are needed.
•Pages 46-50 as well as
your notes will help you.
Basic Structure
Building Blocks
Biomolecule Name
Function
Examples
•Short term energy source
•Used within 24 hrs.
Basic Structure
Carbohydrate
Building Blocks
Monomer - Monosaccharides
(ring)
Polymer - Polysaccharides
(chain)
Function
Examples
•Breads
•Cereals
•Fruit
•Starch
•Pasta
Phospholipid
Triglyceride
Basic Structure
•Forms structure of cell
membrane
•High energy food
•Long term energy storage
•Insulates body
Function
Lipids
Building Blocks
Monomer – Glycerol
(hydrophilic head) & Fatty
Acids (hydrophobic tails)
Polymer – “Octopus”
appearance
Examples
•Fat
•Oils
•Butter
•Forms structure of cells
•Fights infection
•Speed up chemical reactions
(enzymes)
•Contracts muscles
Basic Structure
Function
Proteins
Building Blocks
Monomer – Amino Acids
(beads)
Polymer – Polypeptide (giant
tangled chain)
Examples
Foods
• Meat
• Beans
• Eggs
Internal
• Hair
• Skin
• Muscle
• Enzymes
•Stores genetic code
•Pass genetic information to
offspring
•Produce proteins
Basic Structure
Nucleic Acids
Building Blocks
Monomer – Nucleotides
Polymer – Double Helix
(DNA) / Single strand (RNA)
Function
Examples
•DNA – Genetic coding
•RNA – Protein coding
Crash Course - Biological Molecules
Matching
 Directions: Everyone form groups no larger than four.
 If you prefer to work alone, you may do that
 Pick up one envelope per group
 If groups of four, assign each person to one
biomolecule
 carbohydrate, lipid, protein, nucleic acid
 See which group can be the first to correctly match all
four biomolecules which each of the seven descriptors