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Transcript
The Cold war Causes of the Cold War • What was the Cold War? – Cold: Rifle range is cold when no rounds are being sent down range, hot when rounds are being fired – War: Conflict between two nations, groups or people. Oftentimes associated with physical fighting – Cold War: Time of conflict ranging from 1945 to 1991 between the United States and the Soviet Union. It was a verbal, and psychological war between the two nations Causes of the Cold War Conflict United States Soviet Union Economic Reasons Capitalism Communism Political Reasons Democracy Totalitarianism/Dictatorsh ips Political Freedom State controlled all aspects of a person’s life Post War Europe Desired countries to hold free elections and establish democracies Sought for countries to become “satellite nations” under their control Atomic Weapons Possessed weapons but did not want to share Desired weapons Philosophical Causes of the Cold War • If it Truly was a Cold War, Then How Did Each Nation Fight? – Both nations competed in the Arms Race and Space Race where each nation tried to gain more weapons and greater technology • Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD): “He who fires first, dies second” Who Were the Countries Leaders? Harry Truman • United States Joseph Stalin • Soviet Union Winston Churchill • Great Britain Incompatibility of Economic and Political Systems Cause 1: Ideological Differences Cause 1: Ideological Differences • Ideology: the ideas reflecting the social needs and desires of an individual, group, class or culture – Capitalism vs. Communism – Democracy vs. Totalitarianism Ideological Differences Economic Ideologies Socialism Capitalism Laissez Faire Political Ideology Totalitarianism Democracy Stalin’s Broken Promises at the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences Cause 2: Broken Promises and Varying Aims Cause 2: Broken Promises • Yalta Conference – Stalin promised to hold “free and unfettered” elections in Eastern Europe – He prevented elections in 1945 Varying Aims • Potsdam Conference – Goals included the establishment of the post-war order, ironing peace treaty issues, and countering the effects of the war – Evident three countries had varying aims in Europe Varying Aims in Europe The United States Wanted To The Soviet Union Wanted To •Encourage democracy in other countries to help prevent the rise of new totalitarian governments •Encourage communism in other countries as part of the worldwide struggle between workers and the wealthy •Gain access to raw materials and markets for its booming industries •Transfer the industrial equipment of Eastern Europe to the S.U. to help rebuild its war ravaged economy •Rebuild European governments to ensure stability and to create new markets for American goods •Control Eastern Europe to balance the U.S. influence in Western Europe •Reunite Germany believing that Europe would be more secure if Germany were productive and less bitter about defeat •Keep Germany divided and weak, since the Germans has waged war against Russia twice in 30 years and had caused most of the 20 million Soviet deaths in WWII United States Containment U.S. Containment Efforts • Long Telegram of 1946 (Mr. “X”) – Written by George Kennan • Soviet Ambassador from 1944-1946 – Illustrated American anti-communism and general suspicion of Soviet aspirations – Gave the U.S. opportunity to assume leadership of “free world” and proposed policy of containment U.S. Containment Efforts • Soviet “Policy” – Stalin intent on maintaining a sphere of influence in Eastern Europe—Why? – Quickly installed proSoviet puppet governments throughout Europe – Soviet controlled “satellites” established Soviet Satellites • • • • • • East Germany Poland Czechoslovakia Hungary Romania Bulgaria U.S. Containment Efforts • Iron Curtain “Formation” – Stalin gave belligerent 1946 speech in which he that capitalism and communism were “fundamentally” incompatible U.S. Containment Efforts • Iron Curtain “Formation” (cont.) – Speech given by Churchill – Iron Curtain Analogy for divide between the noncommunist West and communist East – Stalin claimed speech was a “call to war” The “Iron Curtain” • “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent.”- Winston Churchill, 1946 CBS report on iron curtain speech HOW DOES THE U.S. REACT? U.S. Containment Efforts • Truman Doctrine – A U.S. policy of providing economic and military aid to free nations threatened by communism – Outlined policy of containment – Based on belief that the Soviet’s sought world domination – Directed 1st towards Turkey and Greece U.S. Containment Efforts • Marshall Plan – Program developed by Secretary of State George Marshall – Supplied economic aid to war torn Europe – Ulterior motive? U.S. Containment Efforts Truman Doctrine • U.S. sent over $400 million in aid to Turkey and Greece—reducing danger of Communist takeover Marshall Plan •U.S. supplied Europe with 12.5 billion in economic aid •Great success Struggles Over Germany Struggles Over Germany • Struggles Over Germany Germany in 1945 – At conclusion of the war, Germany was divided into 4 occupational zones – When Cold War broke, U.S., G.B., and France combined zones TRIZONIA – Stalin conducted Berlin blockade, attempting to starve people of Berlin into submission – U.S. and G.B. conducted Berlin Airlift • Largest and most successful humanitarian aid effort in history In who’s zone does that • Result Stalin lifted blockade capital city, Berlin, fall? Notable Military Alliances • N.A.T.O. – Military alliance formed by U.S., Canada, Iceland and 9 European nations – Collective Security—attack one, attack all – First military alliance during peacetime • Warsaw Pact – Military alliance between communist countries in Eastern Europe – Communist response to N.A.T.O Opposing Cold War Alliances Warsaw Pact NATO NATO’s Expansion 1949 U.S. Canada U.K. France Iceland Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg Italy Denmark Norway 1952 Greece Turkey 1955 West Germany 1982 Spain 1990 East Germany 1999 Poland Hungary Czech Republic 2004 Estonia Latvia Lithuania Slovenia Slovakia Romania Bulgaria 2009 Albania Croatia NATO Today: 28 total members Includes 13 former communist states All are democracies today. Thursday, January 13th • No bell ringer • Homework: – Final Exam Essay Tomorrow! • Prepare graphic organizer – Multiple Choice Final Exam Thursday, January 20th • Need #2 Pencil • Block #2—Room 122 • Block #3—Room 123 The Nuclear Arms and space Race Nuclear Arms and Space Race • Soviet A-Bomb Development – Unexpected 1949 Soviet A-bomb test shocked the West – U.S. depended on monopoly of A-bomb to deter Soviet aggression – Should U.S. rethink strategy? First Soviet A-bomb (top); First Soviet A-bomb test (bottom) The H-Bomb Debate • Debate ensued over whether the U.S. should build a thermonuclear or “super” bomb (“Hbomb”) Robert Oppenheimer Edward Teller Opposed development of the H-bomb Pushed for development of the H-bomb The H-Bomb Decision • Truman sided with Teller over Oppenheimer and approved the development of the hydrogen bomb. • “We have to do it – make the bomb – though no one wants to use it. But… we have got to have it if only for bargaining purposes with the Russians.” - President Truman The H-Bomb Tests • First U.S. H-bomb test in Nov. 1952 • Soviets conducted their first test in Aug. 1953 Soviet Tzar Bomba Test A-bomb vs. H-bomb Tests Hiroshima A- bomb 15-20 kilotons Largest U.S. test 1954 Largest Soviet test 1961 Bravo test 15 megaton H-bomb Tzar Bomba test 5o+ megaton H-bomb 1,000 x more powerful than Hiroshima bomb 4,000 x more powerful than Hiroshima bomb Nuclear Arms and Space Race • Massive Retaliation – New U.S. defense doctrine of the 1950s – Implied threat to use nuclear weapons in response to ANY act of communist aggression – Dramatically increased size of nuclear arsenal to ensure threat was credible Two Nations Living on the Edge – Space Race • U.S. and S.U. competed in science, education and technology • In 1957, Soviets obtained intercontinental ballistic missiles • In October of 1957, Soviets launched SPUTNIK first satellite into space • Significance Could issue a nuclear attack with the push of a button U-2 Incident • U-2 Incident – U.S. secretly flying surveillance flights over the – – – – – USSR Violating closed sky proposal Soviets shot down plane 1/5/60 -Francis Gary Powers captured IKE claims it was a weather plane that steered off course Significance Any “thaw” in the Cold War halted Tensions in Cuba and Berlin Tensions in Cuba and Berlin • Fidel Castro – Led Communist revolution in 1959 overthrow Cuban dictator – Establish strong ties with Soviet Union – Transform Cuba into a communist country with a planned economy Tensions in Cuba and Berlin • Bay of Pigs – CIA’s clandestine mission to overthrow Castro’s regime – Hoped to spark support against Castro – Mission highly unsuccessful • Castro anticipated attack • Cuban troops were killed or captured • Expected “uprising” never occurred Tensions in Cuba and Berlin • Cuban Missile Crisis (Oct. 1962) – U-2 spy plane photos showed Soviet nuclear missile sites in Cuba – Once operational, these missiles would be able to strike U.S – JFK’s options: • Diplomacy • Air strike and invade (favored by most military advisors) • Blockade OPTION CHOSEN and it was SUCCESSFUL! Cuban Missile Crisis Kennedy’s Response • In TV address to nation, Kennedy warned that any missile attack from Cuba would trigger an all-out attack on the Soviet Union. • Also demanded “the prompt dismantling and withdrawal” of all Soviet missiles. Tensions in Cuba and Berlin • Tensions in Berlin (1961) – Borders between Eastern and Western Germany were closed everywhere except in Berlin • Thousands of East Berliners fleeing into West Berlin (approx. 25,000 East German refugees each day) – To halt refugees, Khrushchev constructs Berlin Wall • A concrete barrier dividing communist East Berlin from noncommunist West Berlin • Became symbolic of deepening Cold War divide and communist oppression Berlin Wall End of the Cold War End of the Cold War • Mikhail Gorbachev – New Soviet leader in 1980 – Under leadership, Soviet Union suffering from failing economy – Implements policies of • Glasnost—freedom of speech • Perestroika—capitalism – Reforms lead to the eventual dissolvement of the U.S.S.R. Now what for Europe? • Nations try to be economically powerful again. • Form European Union (EU) – Join nations together to become strong global economic power as a group – Euro