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Cell – our body made of many cells
Various functions are performed by our body
Cell are the basic unit of life
Energy required to perform work
Food has energy
Energy has to be released to perform work
 Food
(digestion)
simple food particles
(transportation)
simple food reaches cell
(respiration)……. Air…………
oxygen
food is broken down
energy is released
The process of breaking down the food with
the release of energy is called respiration.
Respiration involves two steps
A. breathing
B. cellular respiration
The energy released during this process is
used to perform various activities.
breathing
respiration
 Physical process
 Chemical process
 Takes place in the cell
 Chemical process with
 Takes place in the nose
 Exchange of gas
 Energy consumed
the glucose being
broken down, carbon
dioxide released along
with water and energy
 Release of enzymes.
Factors
 Mental state
 Physical activity
 Metabolic rate
 Slow
 Only important muscles at work- digestion,
breathing
 Baby – 50 – 60 times/min
 4yr – 25times/min
 Adult – 12 to 18 times/min
 During exercise – 50 to 60times/min
Why do babies have a higher breathing rate?
Why do we yawn?
 Breathing – physical process involving exchange of gases
 Breathing rate – the number of times a person breathes
 Breathing is a ___________________________ process.
 It takes place through the _________________.
 Breathing involves ______________________ and
__________________.
 ______________________ is consumed during breathing.
 Currency of energy
 Adenosine Triphosphate
 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is considered by biologists to
be the energy currency of life.
 It is the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we
need to do just about everything we do. It is present in the
cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of every cell
 Aerobic – occurs in the presence of oxygen
 Glucose + oxygen ___________ carbon dioxide +
water + energy ( ATP)
Anaerobic – occurs in the absence of oxygen.
Takes place in certain bacteria and yeast.
Such organisms are called anaerobes.
Glucose is broken down partially into carbon
dioxide and ethyl alcohol
The energy released is much less.
 Digestion and absorption
 As some of the sugars and starches in food have been broken down
through the process, fermented foods are easier to digest
 Synthesis and availability of nutrientst.
 Fermentation can also increase the availability of vitamins and
minerals for our bodies to absorb.
 Immune functions
 Phytic Acid
 Mood and behaviour
anaerobic
aerobic
 Occurs in the absence
 Occurs in the presence
of oxygen
 Carbon dioxide, ethyl
alcohol
 Less energy
 Occurs for a short
period of time.
of oxygen
 Carbon dioxide and
water
 Large amount of energy
is produced
 Occurs throughout our
life.
Respiratory tract
 Nostrils
 Pharynx
 Trachea
 Bronchi and
bronchioles
 Alveoli
Respiratory organ
lungs
 Nasal cavity – mucus
 Warms the air
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea( windpipe)
 Bronchi
 Bronchioles
 alveoli
 Oxygen diffuses into the blood vessels
 Oxygen combines with haemoglobin present in
the blood.
 Oxygen combines with oxygen to form
oxyhaemoglobin
 Oxygenated blood is carried from lungs to the
heart which supplies it to the tissues and cells of
the body.
The oxygen released in the cell is used up in
breaking down of food to release energy.
This is called oxidation of food.
Contraction and expansion of lungs –
breathing.
Intercostal muscles – rib cage.
Diaphragm(flat muscle) – at the floor of the
rib cage.
When muscles near the ribcage contract, the
ribcage moves up and outwards
The diaphragm contracts so that the chest
cavity gets even larger.
The air moves into the lungs through the
windpipe.
Muscles near the ribcage relax
Ribcage moves down and inwards
The diaphragm relaxes and returns to a dome
shape
Chest cavity becomes small and air is pushed
out
Cockroaches, grasshoppers and bees have
airholes called spiracles.
Airtubes called trachea
Tracheoles
Air absorbed and carbondioxide realeased
through spiracles.
Capillaries
Main blood vessels
Air enters through diffusion
Gills contain gill arch which has gill filaments
that is richly supplied with blood vessels
Water flows over the gills
Oxygen in water is absorbed
Co2 given out through diffusion
Whales have blowholes
Frogs use skin and lungs
Oxygen from water through diffusion
Stomata in leaves
Roots also need air to release energy and
carbon dioxide.