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Transportation Technology MTEL Technology/Engineering Subarea VI Types of Transportation • Rail – Usually a set of two parallel steel rails on which a train rides. Other methods include monorail and magnetic levitation • Air – The use of aircraft propelled by proper air flow over an airfoil, usually generated with the use of high speed propellers and or jet engine technologies • Road – Using a prepared pathway to travel with wheels between two points. • Marine – The use of boats to utilize waterways as a means of transportation • Intermodal – The use of multiple transportation methods to reach a final destination Internal vs External Combustion • Internal combustion engine or ICE generates propulsive force through the combustion of a fuel within a sealed chamber. This explosive action causes high pressure gas to give movement to the piston/turbine/nozzle. • An External combustion engine or ECE generates force by using an external fuel source to heat and cause the expansion of a fluid inside a chamber to create high pressure gas (steam engine) ICE vs ECE Four Stroke Engine Diagram Two Stroke Engine Diagram Fossil Fuels • Created from the decomposition of dead organic material under great atmospheric pressure over long periods of time • Incredibly important to modern transportation as it is the main source of fuel for nearly every combustion engine • Currently not considered a sustainable resource because demand outstrips the rate or renewal • The burning of fossil fuels adds to anthropomorphic climate change Steam Engine • Created by boiling water and then harnessed to power steam turbines • Used extensively before the invention of the ICE • Currently used more in energy production then transportation • Must use a fuel source, most often some sort of fossil fuel Buoyancy • The force that causes object to float in a fluid • Generated because of the pressure difference between the object and the fluid it resides in Momentum • An objects mass multiplied by it current velocity • Indicated both direction and magnitude of the object Inertia • An object innate resistance to changing its state of motion. • More massive objects possess more inertia then less massive ones Weight • The force of gravity applied to any object • Here on earth the gravity we feel is the gravitational force generated between the huge mass of the earth when compared with any other object on the surface of the earth. • An objects weight will vary according to the strength of the gravitational field in which it is situated (on another planet) Thrust • A reaction force developed when mass is expelled or accelerated in one direction, causing a proportional force in the opposite direction • In air transportation it occurs by pushing airflow over a wing, usually by spinning a propeller or a fan pulling air through a jet engine Four forces of flight Pneumatics • Pneumatics is a section of technology that deals with the study and application of pressurized gas to produce mechanical motion. Pneumatic systems used extensively in industry are commonly powered by compressed air or compressed inert gases Hydraulics • The basic idea behind any hydraulic system is very simple: Force that is applied at one point is transmitted to another point using an incompressible fluid. The fluid is almost always an oil of some sort. The force is almost always multiplied in the process. The picture below shows the simplest possible hydraulic system • The neat thing about hydraulic systems is that it is very easy to add force multiplication (or division) to the system. • In a hydraulic system, all you do is change the size of one piston and cylinder relative to the other. In this case applying a 100lb force for 9inches will induce a 900lb force on the right but for only 1 inch