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Operating systems Complete the text with words from the box system software – software – application software The set of program instructions that tell the computer what to do is the ? . It can be divided into two categories: the ? which includes all the programs that manage and control the basic functions of a computer and the ? which actually is the programs that the user creates or buys for his own needs, to perform a specific task. Underline the following terms which are related to software motherboard – word processor – operating system – screen – RAM – video games, Linux, Microsoft Windows, CPU, sound card ? Make a list of software products that you use It is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems, in general, control the functions of a computer and the running of application programs. They perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a traffic cop – it makes sure that different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system. Operating systems can be classified as follows: multi-user: Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time. Some operating systems permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users. multiprocessing: supports running of a program on more than one CPU. multitasking: allows more than one program to run concurrently. multithreading: allows different parts of a single program to run concurrently. real time: responds to input instantly. General purpose operating systems, such as DOS and YNIX, are not real time. Operating systems provide an operating platform on top of which other programs, called application programs, can run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extend the applications you can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2 and Windows, but others are available too, such as Linux etc. Some software is designed to run under specific operating system, it is therefore vital to assess the operating system before buying it. An operating system is stored on disk and has to be booted into the internal memory (RAM). Answer the following questions. 1. Why is it important to assess the operating system before buying it? 2. Which are the main functions of an operating system? ? 3. How are operating programs related to operating systems? ? ? Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verb. run – perform – boot – access – function 1. Some users are denied to ? the system until it is unlocked. 2. Operating systems ? basic tasks. 3. Many microcomputers ? under the control of DOS. 4. You have to ? an operating system into RAM. 5. Operating systems control the ? of the computer. Fill in the blanks with the following words or phrases. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. the management and coordination a number of services between hardware and applications applications the operation of the hardware An operating system is an interface ? it is responsible for ? of activities and the sharing of the limited resources of the computer. The operating system acts as a host for ? that are run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of the operating system is to handle the details of ? . This relieves application programs from having to manage these details and makes it easier to write applications. Almost all computers, including handheld computers, desktop computers, supercomputers and even video games consoles, use an operating system of some type. Operating systems offer ? to application programs and users. Can you identify the following operating systems? ? : It was developed by Sun Microsystems in 1996 for use in embedded systems (i.e. combinations of circuitry and software built into other products). ? : a high performance, yet completely free, Unix-like operating system launched by Linus Torvald in 1991, is suitable for use on a wide range of platforms. It is the most rapidly growing of any major operating systems. ? : a single-user, single-tasking operating system that uses a command line (i.e. text only) user interface. It was launched by Microsoft in 1981 and used on the first personal computers, which were introduced by IBM in the same year. In spite of the very small size and relative simplicity, it is one of the most successful operating systems that have been developed to date. ? : the successors to the very popular MS-DOS, it was announced in 1983, and the first version was released in 1985. ? : it was released by Apple Computers, Inc, in 2001. The pioneering version was introduced with the first Macintosh computers in 1984.