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Download Reconstruction Section 3.3 Notes
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OR? What needs to be fixed anyway? The South is devastated. Freed blacks need help. Towns gutted Plantations burned Fields neglected Bridges and railroads destroyed Landowners stripped of slaves and money Starvation & homelessness 3,500,000 men and women freed Searching for new life, freedom, education, citizenship, and equality Nowhere to go, mostly with only the clothes on their backs Current Issue(s): Equality, Racism, Affirmative Action RECONSTRUCTION Chapter 3, Section 3 (pgs. 140-149) GOALS: Compare and contrast various government plans for Civil War Reconstruction Evaluate the effectiveness of Reconstruction legislation in enforcing the rights of citizens and equalizing opportunities 3 Plans for Reconstruction 1. President Abraham Lincoln’s Plan Dad 2. Congress’ Plan (Radical & Moderate Republicans) Grandparents 3. Vice President/President Andrew Johnson’s Plan Mom Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan: Grants amnesty to Confederates who take an oath of loyalty Requires 10% of a state’s voting population to take an oath of allegiance before being readmitted to the Union - Lincoln’s “10% Plan” Requires all states to ratify the 13th Amendment before being readmitted to the Union Wants to reconcile with the South rather than punishing it Congress’ Plan (i.e. Radical Republicans): Harshest on former Confederates/Southerners Did NOT want to grant amnesty to all former Confederate citizens Requires all states to ratify the 13th Amendment before being readmitted to the Union Wanted the Federal government to be responsible for ensuring political equality (voting rights) for African Americans because they feared that state governments would not help at all Johnson’s Plan: Andrew Johnson – Lincolns’ VP; takes over presidency after Lincoln’s assassination; member of democratic party from Tennessee Most forgiving to former Confederates/Southerners Grants amnesty to Confederates who take an oath of loyalty Requires all states to ratify the 13th Amendment before being readmitted to the Union SO, THOSE WERE THE PLANS ON HOW TO “REBUILD/RECONSTRUCT” THE U.S.A. -BUTWHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED??? Reconstruction Begins March 1865 – Lincoln & Congress establish the Freedmen’s Bureau Freedmen – newly freed slaves Freedman’s Bureau - created to help newly freed slaves in the South start a new life Johnson Takes Office April 1865 – V.P. Andrew Johnson takes over presidency after Lincoln’s Assassination Johnson begins to implement his “most forgiving” Reconstruction plan: This results in the newly established Southern state legislatures being allowed to pass laws known as Black Codes Black Codes – laws passed by Southern legislatures aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit Black workers Congress’ Reconstruction December 1865 – Congress returns back to work for its next session and is furious over what Johnson has allowed to happen Congress attempts to “right the ship” by implementing its “harshest” Reconstruction plan: 14th Amendment: declared that no state could deny any person “equal protection of the laws” (designed to override Black Codes) Military Reconstruction Act: divided the former Confederacy, except for Tennessee, into 5 military districts 15th Amendment: declared that the right to vote, “shall not be denied…on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude” (but denies Native Americans & women) Command of the Army Act & Tenure of Office Act (Johnson fires Stanton, leads to his impeachment) Blacks make gains in the South Reconstruction “going well” in terms of AfricanAmerican rights and opportunities due to implementation of Congress’ Reconstruction plan: Blacks enter politics as legislators and administrators: Delegates for new state constitutions Mayors, police chiefs, House of Representatives (14) and Senate (2) Gained control of the South Carolina legislature for one term Freedman’s Bureau creates schools and churches which serve as the center of communities Republican Rule November 1868 – Republican candidate and former Union Civil War hero Ulysses S. Grant elected President Although a Republican, Grant won several southern states because Union troops in the South enabled large numbers of African Americans to vote Carpetbaggers – Northerners who travel South to be elected in new state governments Scalawags – Southerners who supported Reconstruction, usually small businessmen and farmers against plantation control Republicans have support of poor white farmers, blacks, and carpetbaggers Republicans created state hospitals, rebuilt roads, railways, and bridges, and industries Southern Resistance Southern Resistance to Republican Reforms in the South: Opponents of Reconstruction unable to openly fight Republicans Former Confederate soldiers start secret societies like the Ku Klux Klan to fight back (1866) American terrorism – harass, murder African Americans, white Republicans, carpetbaggers and teachers in black schools Enforcement Acts outlawed activities of KKK (3,000 arrested, 600 convicted, few served time in prison http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CTG58jIlNA “The Wizard of the Saddle” Nathan Bedford Forrest killed 31 men and had 30 horses shot from under him AGREE: General in the Confederate Army Massacred 300 black men, women and children at Ft. Pillow in 1864. After the war, he became the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan Billie Holiday Released 1939 Without Sanctuary Link to lynching history site Strange Fruit – Song Link Grant’s Second Term November 1872 – Ulysses S. Grant reelected to 2nd term as president Grant’s failed Presidency: Grant reelected (1872) but during his 2nd term Republicans suffered politically due to scandals and the nation’s deepening economic depression Overall, Grant believed that the president’s primary role was to carry out the laws and leave the development of policy to Congress http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCZLae7kuTI Reconstruction Ends Due to Republican political failings, Democrats regain political power in the South Compromise of 1877: Disputed presidential election of 1876 between Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) and Samuel Tilden (Democrat) Historical Significance: “Under the table” deal made between Congress & Republican Party that, if Hayes is elected President, the Republicans will pull federal troops out of the South and end military reconstruction The Failure of Reconstruction Reconstruction was ineffective at ensuring the rights of all citizens: As federal troops are removed from the south (ending military reconstruction) Southern Democrats regain political power and control of the South This results in Sharecropping, Black Codes & the continued discrimination of African Americans This would cause the need for a Civil Rights Movement nearly 100 years later A little more industrialism but still mainly agriculturally-based “the more things change, the more they remain the same” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn23FIhUHQc Reconstruction in 10 minutes Tell the story of the chronological progression of Reconstruction by making connections between the following items: 1. Lincoln’s Assassination 2. Johnson takes over as President 3. Congress Implements its own Reconstruction Plan 4. Grant’s Failed Presidency 5. Compromise of 1877 6. Reconstruction Ends/The Failure of Reconstruction