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Download Forging a new synthesis: the pattern of reforms, 1789-1849
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Cleveland CH: 4 Essential Question: How did Selim III attempt to reform the Ottoman Empire? FORGING A NEW SYNTHESIS: THE PATTERN OF REFORMS, 1789-1849 SELIM III 1789-1806 BETWEEN OLD AND NEW Reforms of Selim III Political Military Defeated by Russia 1792 Russo-Turkish War Westernization Janissaries Nizam-i jedid created in 1797 Economic Hoped to keep traditions alive but strengthen the empire. Closer ties to Europe With Embassies in Europe it was easier to make trade agreements Social Exposure to Europe Embassies Fall of Selim III 1806 Janissaries lead rebellion Mustafa IV replaces Selim III pledged not to interfere with privileges. Essential Question: How did the rise of Muhammad Ali effect the Ottoman Empire? MUHAMMAD ALI AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE MAMLUK RESTORATION AND THE FRENCH INVASION Mamluk occupation of Egypt. Mamluk Beys competed against each other Mamluks were unstable and oppressive Lost control of rural areas Napoleon in Egypt Battle of the Pyramids 1798 Napoleons Goals were to threaten Great Britain and establish new markets for France Battle of Aboukir Bay 1798 The French force in Egypt were cut off by British fleet French were unpopular 1801 British-Ottoman expedition led to evacuation of French Forces Ottomans were impressed with European technology THE REFORM POLICIES OF MUHAMMAD ALI Political Establishment of hereditary dynasty Did away with competing factions and brought them under Central authority Divided into ten provinces Established bureaucracy Opened positions to talent but still gave family and allies positions of power. Military Political Power based on military power Conscription of Fellahin army reached 130,000 soldiers Reformed military based on the west Established officer training programs THE REFORM POLICIES OF MUHAMMAD ALI Economic Had to pay for reforms by exploiting Egypt’s resources Ended tax farming Taxed Waqf Expanded irrigation system Keep flood waters from the Nile all summer long Introduced Jumel cotton which became a huge cash crop Industrialization Goal was to make country self-sufficient State monopoly of economy Focus on heavy industry and textiles Heavy industry was successful in supplying military Social Schools that were opened created opportunities for Egyptians. Started newspapers and printing presses WARS OF EXPANSION Western Arabia 1811 Under command of Ibrahim Conquest of Sudan 1820 see on page 72 Greek Revolt 1821 Ali’s army defeated and Wahhabi movement Captured Mecca and Medina Sultan asks Ali to put down the rebels in exchange for Crete Do to European intervention Ibrahim is forced to leave gaining nothing Invasion of Syria 1831 New markets and materials Came within 150 miles of Istanbul Russia came to the Ottomans aid which caused the rest of Europe to get involved In exchange for an end to hostilities Ibrahim becomes governor of Adana in Anatolia and Greater Syria 1839 Battle of Nezib Treaty of London 1841 THE GREEK REVOLT 1821-1829 1821 armed Greek revolt breaks out Ottomans could not subdue the revolt Ali’s troops are called for help Great Britain and Russia get involved Battle of Navarino Bay 1827 Ali withdraws 1828 Russia declares war on Ottomans 1829 Treaty of Adrianople Significance For Ottomnas For Greeks For the Great Powers SULTAN MAHMUD II (1808-1839) Reforms Political Reestablish central authority within provinces Reorganized the Government Raised salaries to eliminate bribes Reestablished ottoman embassies in Europe Military 1820’s ordered military reform based on European model Used force to destroy the Janissaries Trained by French and British officers Economic 1831 eliminated the Timar system Social Attempted to Europeanize 1827 opened medical school for army personnel 1834 opened Imperial War College Founded fist newspaper published in Turkish language
