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WARM UP – after EXAM copy and answer the 3 questions below Once you finish warm-up you can start your homework by reading pages 272-285. What are the ways that a nation increases its territory? What are some reasons countries expand their borders? What might be benefits or drawbacks of expansion? Expanding Markets and Moving West Chapter 9 Section 1 Market Economy Samuel F. B. Morse … _ .._. (Known as Morse Code) Morse began his communication system using 10 miles of copper wire The government gave him $30,000 to increase it to 40 miles The first message went between Baltimore and DC Industrialism During the mid 1800s, America went from being primarily agricultural to more industrial Workers left farms and cottage industries to work in mills, often textile mills Farming Farmers were more efficient after they specialized, growing only 1 or 2 crops (called specialization) Market Economy – Market Revolution (19th century new way people acquired goods) People now went to a market to exchange their goods and services They no longer needed to be self-sufficient The open market allowed the American economy to grow Factors of Production Land Labor Capital Entrepreneurship Technology A market economy/capitalism allows individuals to own all the above Entrepreneurial Spirit (comes from the French word “entrepreneur” which means to undertake) Capitalism – people control the factors of production and allow them to keep the profits Francis Cabot Lowell pooled money with other investors to open textile mills Entrepreneurial Spirit Entrepreneurs can make a lot of money, but they assume all of the risk Charles Goodyear died in debt after developing rubber and developed the process of vulcanization. Risk does not always pay off Other Inventions Elias Howe - sewing machine I M Singer - foot treadle Robert Fulton -steam boat allowed for goods to be transported upriver, against the tides Telegraph Using a system of dots and dashes,carrried across copper wire, messages could be tapped across the country Trains used the telegraph to keep schedules and relay updated prices Canals Canals were dug to connect waterways Flatboats were pulled by animals With the rise of railroads, canals were soon replaced Erie Canal – Clinton’s Ditch Trains….Trains….. Shipping goods by train was more expensive than by wagon or flatboat, but speed was the key Trains ran everyday and in all seasons. Consumer prices fell Farming in the Midwest The Midwest was covered with fertile soil John Deere’s steel plow allowed animals to cultivate the soil Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper (usually shipped in parts) did the harvesting of 5 men Trains….Trains….. Canals, roads and railroads connected cities and regions Regional specialization created goods for the market Most advances occurred in the North WARM UP – copy and answer: 1. What led to the rise of Capitalism? 2. Describe the impact of the market revolution on potential customers 3. How did new products, communications methods, and transportation methods help the U.S. economy? 4. How did the transportation revolution bind U.S. regions to one another and to the rest of the world? 1. What led to the rise of Capitalism? Investors were willing to risk their own money in new industries, standing to earn huge profits if successful 2. Describe the impact of the market revolution on potential customers. The cost of consumer goods dropped, so more workers became consumers 3. How did new products, communications methods, and transportation methods help the U.S. economy? New products led to a growing number of consumers. New methods of communication and transportation made the operation of business more efficient and profitable 4. How did the transportation revolution bind U.S. regions to one another and to the rest of the world? Canals, railroads, and improved roads reduced the price of shipping and the linked the country’s interior to international ports like New York City. Expanding Markets and Moving West Manifest Destiny Chapter 9 Section 2 Thomas Jefferson In 1803, Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France, doubling the size of America Forty years later, America demanded more land Manifest Destiny John L. O’Sullivan coined the term of manifest destiny as our God-given right to own all the land from the Arctic to Latin America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Most Americans agreed Heading West Farmers, miners, trappers and merchants headed west of the Rockies Ports in the Oregon Territory welcomed trade from China and Japan What about the Indians??? By the 1830s, almost all the Indians had been killed or moved west of the Miss R. Some joined white culture Some fought white settlers Some continued to move Black Hawk War White settlers wanted to push the Indians out of the upper Midwest A prophet told Black Hawk of a prophesy where he would lead the Indians to victory The Indians lost and were moved west of the Miss R. Middle Ground Land between Indian and White settlements was called the middle ground As the Indians were pushed west, the middle ground moved west The middle ground kept moving Fort Laramie Treaty Indians sometimes attacked white settlers The Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1851, gave Indians control of the Plains and the US agreed to abide by the treaty and make annual payments to the Indians Fort Laramie Treaty The settlers continued to settle on Indian land, destroy their hunting grounds, kill off the native buffalo and elk, and trample the land. Subsequent treaties demanded that the Indians move from these lands Trails West – Santa Fe Trail Many trails began at Independence, MO. ended Fearing Indian attacks, most wagon trains banded together Traders exchanged goods for gold, silver and fur with Mexicans and returned home Santa Fe Trails West – Oregon Trail (extended from Independence Missouri to Portland Oregon) Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, missionaries, told of the fertile land in the Willamette Valley Hundreds of farmers settled there, arriving by Conestoga Trails West – Donner Party Not every trip west was successful The Reed-Donner party left Independence in May and attempted to take a short-cut to catch up with the rest of the group Trails West – Donner Party They did not make it across the mountains before the November snows By the time they were rescued, only about half survived – by eating the flesh of the dead Trails West – Mormons The Mormon religion was established in 1846 by Joseph Smith Mormons believe that the lost tribes of Israel came to America and blended with the Native Americans Trails West – Mormons They also believed in polygamy For this, they faced discrimination which forced them to move from New York to little-populated, Nauvoo, IL Smith and his brother were killed by an angry mob Trails West – Mormons The Mormons, under Brigham Young, moved west until they settled in Salt Lake City They remained isolated until the California gold rush Oregon Territory The territory took in all of northwestern America. It was claimed by Britain and America James K. Polk, an expansionist, used the slogan, 54° 40’ or Fight” in his presidential campaign Oregon Territory It was more land than Polk actually wanted and although he was edging toward war with Britain over his demand, there was no way America could fight a successful war with Britain while fighting Mexico His bluff worked though WARM UP – Review “Manifest Destiny” COPY QUESTIONS/ANSWERS IN YOUR NOTEBOOK 1. What motivated Black Hawk to rebel against the United States? 2. Explain the concept of Manifest Destiny. 3. What were the effects of the U.S. government policies towards Native Americans in the mid 1800’s? 4. What difficulties were faced by families like the Whitmans and the Hauns? 5. Why did the Mormons move farther west in their search for a new home? 1. What motivated Black Hawk to rebel against the United States? Black Hawk believed he was destined to lead his people in a rebellion against the U.S. 2. Explain the concept of Manifest Destiny. That U.S. expansion in the West was inevitable 3. What were the effects of the U.S. government policies towards Native Americans in the mid 1800’s? U.S. government at first agreed to boundaries that protected Native American territories, but later broke these agreements and moved Native Americans to different lands 4. What difficulties were faced by families like the Whitmans and the Hauns? Disease, death, fatigue and loneliness 5. Why did the Mormons move farther west in their search for a new home? They were fleeing from religious persecution Expanding Markets and Moving West Expansion in Texas Chapter 9 Section 3 Stephen Austin Leads American cotton farmers - settled in eastern Texas (between the Colorado and Brazos rivers) where “no drunkard, no gambler, no swearer, and no idler” would be allowed To keep settlement orderly, Mexico gave empresarios, land grants, to others Stephen Austin’s father received an empresario but died before dividing his land for settlement Mexico – the early years The earliest Spanish settlements were missions and trading posts Their objective was to convert the Indians to Catholicism After Mexico received their independence from Spain, they outlawed slavery in 1821 Mexico – building a country Independent Mexico looked for ways to increase their economy They eased trade restrictions with the US They encouraged American farmers to settle in Mexico to protect the area from Indians Mexico – the invasion The empresarios allowed settlers to buy cheap land They came by the thousands, pledging to obey Mexican law No slaves Speak Spanish Become Catholic Mexico – the broken promises American settlers did not observe any of Mexico’s requests Soon the American population surpassed the Tejano (native) population Presidents John Q. Adams and Andrew Jackson offered to buy Texas from Mexico Mexico – it’s mine, not yours Mexico refused to sell Protestant, slaveholding, Englishspeaking settlers continued to pour into Texas In 1830, Mexico closed its borders but lacked the security to enforce it Mexico – Yankee, go home But the Americans kept coming By 1836 there were more slaves in Texas than Tejanos General Santa Anna took over the Mexican government and declared himself dictator Mexico – they can’t do that Fearing Santa Anna would enforce Mexican law, the Americans declared independence Santa Anna marched his army to the Alamo in San Antonio, destroyed the fort and killed all the Americans inside Alamo Goliad San Jacinto Mexico – the fat lady sings After two Mexican victories at the Alamo and Goliad, American forces, led by Sam Houston, defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto The Republic of Texas was born Mexico – got the short straw The Tejanos, who fought with the Americans against Santa Anna, now faced discrimation by the Americans Texas was denied statehood because they wanted to enter the Union as a slave state Texas – finally a state James K. Polk ran for president in 1844 as an expansionist His victory gave him a mandate to admit Texas into the Union They became a state in 1845 James K Polk Polk’s ideas to expand America do not end with Texas. He threatens war with Britain over the Oregon Territory He sends troops into Mexico to instigate a war – that Mexico cannot win. Expanding Markets and Moving West The War with Mexico Chapter 9 Section 4 Election of 1844 A 3rd Party, the Liberty (anti-slavery) Party pulled enough votes from Whig Henry Clay to cause Clay to lose to Dark Horse candidate, James K. Polk Polk Urges War Polk was elected promising to expand the country He wasted no time He believed that a war with Mexico would allow him to claim AZ, NM and CA too Buying Mexico? Gen. Santa Anna was replaced as Mexico’s president Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico City to offer to buy land north and west of the Rio Grande Mexican officials refused to see him Buying Mexico? Polk sent Gen. Zachary Taylor to invade Mexico, crossing the Rio Grande When Mexico reacted to the invasion, Polk and Congress declared war Sectional Attitudes Although most Americans backed the idea of expansion, not everyone was happy about Polk’s aggressiveness Sectional differences arose Sectional Attitudes The North viewed expansion as a way to increase slavery, slaves states and add proslavery senators in Congress The South wanted the additional farmland and Congressional seats WARM-UP Chapter 10 – pages 302-303 Time Line Discussion – The time line covers events in the U.S. and the world the decade before the Civil War. What major acts of Congress are shown and when did they occur (there are two)? Which political party is formed at this time? What wars were fought in this period (there are two)? Who was the woman mentioned on the time line and what did she do? What group of people achieved freedom? War Begins Gen. Taylor invades Mexico through Texas Gen. Kearny invades Mexico in S. California Gen. Fremont invades Mexico in N. California War Ends California fell and became the Bear Flag Republic Generals Grant and Lee fought in Mexico under Gen. Winfield Scott Mexico fell after a failed attempt to restore Santa Anna Spoils of War Mexico was forced to sign the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago It gave the US the present-day states of Utah, Arizona, NM, and California Natives were promised some freedoms Token Payment to Mexico Pres. Pierce signed the Gadsden Purchase – giving Mexico $10 million for land that wasn’t for sale The new southern border is how you see it today California Gold Gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill, outside San Francisco Gold fever hit miners around the world The population of CA increased to over 100,000 people California Gold People arrived from America, China, Japan and Europe Most settlers did not get rich from gold, but many merchants and farmers found CA profitable California’s Statehood California immediately applied for admission to the Union The South was outraged at the thought of another free state California’s Statehood California became a state in 1850 under the Compromise of 1850
