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Ottoman Empire • A nomadic group of Turkish people from Central Asia who emerged as the rulers of the Islamic world in the 13th century. They were Sunni Muslims who conquered Constantinople in 1453. Sultan • “holder of power”; the military and political head of state under the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans Safavid Empire • The Safavids created a great Islamic empire in Persia in the early 1500’s. Their empire was located in present day Iran. Shah • king (used in Persia and Iran) Mughal Empire • The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur in 1526. The Mughals were Muslims with close ties to Safavid Persia. Considered a “Gunpowder Empire”. Tang Dynasty • Tang rulers (618-907) suppressed peasant uprisings, reunited China, revived traditional feudal relationships and brought peace and prosperity. Song Dynasty • Period of great social and economic progress in China (960-1279), marked by the first use of paper currency and standardized coins. Dowry • a gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, either by the bride’s parents to her husband or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wife Mongol Empire • The Mongols lived in the steppes of the eastern part of Central Asia, northwest of China. During the 1200’s the Mongols established the largest empire the world had ever seen. Neo-Confucianism • a revised form of Confucianism that evolved as a response to Buddhism and was more popular in China from the late Tang dynasty to the end of the dynastic system in the twentieth century Samurai • “those who serve;” Japanese warriors similar to the knights of medieval Europe Bushido • “the way of the warrior;” the strict code by which Japanese samurai were supposed to live Shogun • “general,” a powerful military leader in Japan Kingdom of Ghana • Kingdom of west Africa (750-1200 A.D.), made iron weapons and gained control of the major trade routes. Controlled the salt and gold caravans. Kings taxed all trade passing through the region. Kingdom of Mali • Kingdom of west Africa (1240-1400 A.D.). Conquered the capital of Ghana in 1240. Took control of the gold and salt trade. Rulers converted to Islam. Kingdom of Songhai • The west African Kingdom of Songhai (1464-1600). Grew rich from trade across Sahara. Its people were Muslims; expanded trade with Europe and Asia. Gold-salt Trade • Merchants, moving in camel caravans across the Sahara desert, picked up large blocks of salt on their journey, to exchange for gold.