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Download GCSE Physical Education Glossary- Important terms and definitions
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GCSE Physical Education Glossary- Important terms and definitions Term Abduction Adduction Adenosine triphosphate Adrenaline Aerobic energy Agility Alveoli Anaerobic energy Antagonist Antibodies Arteries Autonomic nervous system Balance Blood pressure Body composition Body type Capillaries Carbohydrate loading Cardiac muscle Cardiac output Cartilage Definition Movement of limb away from the mid-line of the body Movement of limb towards mid-line of body Chemical substance that provides all the energy needs of the body. Must be replenished constantly Hormone that causes rapid increase in heart rate System used when sufficient oxygen is available to meet the demands of working muscles and systems Ability of body to change direction at speed Small air sacs in the lungs where gas is exchanged Production of energy without the use of oxygen Muscles that work with the prime mover/agonist to control movement at joints. As the prime mover contracts the agonist relaxes- VICE VERSA Chemicals in white blood cells that fight infection and disease Blood vessels that carry blood at high pressure away from the heart Part of nervous system that automatically controls bodily functions, e.g. digestion, breathing Ability to maintain body’s position above the centre of gravity Force of blood exerted against walls of arteries during pumping of blood about body Relationship between fat and lean tissue of body Use of somatotyping to describe and rate body shape- endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph, (1-7) Microscopic blood vessels that link arteries to veins Increased intake of carbohydrate before endurance events, leads to increased amounts of glycogen in muscles Heart muscle, beats without tiring Amount of blood pumped out of the heart each minute Tough soft tissue covering and protecting ends of bones, providing shape for parts of the body, Central nervous system Circumduction Closed skills Concentric contraction Continuous training Coordination Creatine phosphate energy system Dehydration Doping Eccentric contraction Ectomorph Electrolytes Endocrine glands Endomorph Enzyme Exercise Expiration Extension Fartlek Fast twitch Fatigue Feedback acting as shock absorber Made up of brain and spinal cord. It analyses information, makes decisions, and starts action Circular movement of limb about a joint Skills not affected by the environment Isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens Working for sustained periods of time Ability to perform complex movements easily System that provides energy instantly but it’s stores are limited, and used up quickly Loss of body fluids, usually when working extremely hard Use of illegal substances to obtain an unfair advantage Isotonic contraction where the muscle lengthens Body type with little fat, or muscle and a narrow shape Essential dissolved substances that maintain fluid balance Glands that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream when required A body type, pear shaped, fat Chemicals produced in the body that help in many bodily processes and reactions Physical activity aimed at improving health Breathing air and waste products out form the lungs Limb movement, straightening of the joint Speed play- method of training in which we vary the pace and training conditions Muscle fibres that are used for anaerobic activity mainly. They provide fast, powerful contractions, but tire easily Tiredness as a result of physical activity, caused by a build up of lactic acid in the body Information about the outcome of a performance Flexibility Flexion Glucose Glycogen Goal Haemoglobin Health-related fitness Health Heart beat Heart rate Hormones Hygiene Input Inspiration Interval training Involuntary muscle Isometric contraction Isotonic contraction Lactic acid Lactic acid energy system Leisure time Ligament Maximum strength Mesomorph Minute volume Motor nerves Range of movement possible at a joint Limb movement, bending of the joint Simple sugar used for energy in the body Chemical substance used to store glucose in the body An ambition, or target that we set ourselves Oxygen carrying substance in red blood cells Fitness necessary to maintain good health State of complete total physical, social, and mental well being One complete contraction of the heart Number of heartbeats per minute Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands Good habits to keep ourselves clean and healthy All information about a situation, from the senses Breathing air into lungs Any training using alternating periods of very hard exercise and rest Muscles that work automatically Muscular contraction that results in no movement at a joint, muscle contracts but fibres remain the same length Muscular contraction that causes movement at a joint. The movement can be concentric or eccentric Waste product of muscular action that builds up if oxygen is not available Provides energy to working muscles when oxygen is not immediately available. Lactic acid builds up in working muscles Free time after we have taken care of our bodily needs, our work and our duties Elastic tissue connecting bone to bone, stabilising movement at joints Maximum force that can be exerted against a fixed immovable resistance Body type, muscular, wedge shaped Amount of air breathed in, in one minute Carry information to effector organs from the central nervous system Muscular endurance Nutrient Obesity Open skills Ossification Output Overload Ability of muscle or muscle group to work very hard for long periods of time Basic food element that provide nourishment for the body More than 20% over the standard weight for our height- our BMI Skills that are affected by whole sporting environment Growth and development of bones Actions decided by central nervous system Principle of training that states that we must work our body systems harder than normal in order to improve them Oxygen debt The way we pay back oxygen deficit built up during anaerobic exercise once exercise stops Peripheral nervous Nerves and sense organs that send information to central nervous system and send orders to system working muscles Physical fitness Ability of body to carry out everyday activities with little fatigue and enough energy left for emergencies Plyometrics Training method using explosive movements to develop muscular power, i.e. hopping, bounding Power Ability to contract muscles with speed and force in one explosive act Prime movers Or AGONISTS, muscles that are responsible for movement at joints Progression Principle of training that states the amount of work we do must be gradually increased Pulmonary Movement of deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. In the lungs carbon dioxide is circulation exchanged for oxygen, and oxygenated blood is returned to the heart Pulse Beating of heart, felt at arteries near surface of body Reaction time Ability to respond to a stimulus quickly Recreation A way of relaxing and enjoying ourselves during our leisure time Repetition max The maximum weight we can lift a specified number of times Residual volume Amount of air left in lungs after we breathe out as hard as possible Resistance Weight or load against which muscles have to work Respiratory rate Number of breaths per minute Reversibility Principle of training that states that any effects of training are not permanent and will be lost when training stops Rotation Turning movement of a body part about the long axis of the joint Sensory nerves Skeletal muscle Skill Carry information from receptor organs to the central nervous system Muscles of the skeleton that are under voluntary control The learned ability to chose and perform the right techniques at the right time, effectively and constantly within a competitive game or activity Slow twitch Muscle fibres designed for aerobic work. Provide slower, less powerful contractions but can keep working for long periods of time Smooth muscle Muscles of the internal organs which work automatically Somatotyping Method of classifying body types Specificity Principle of training that states the training must be closely resemble the sporting activity Speed Ability to move all or part of the body as quickly as possible Stamina Ability of heart and lung systems to cope with prolonged activity Strength Ability of muscles or muscle group to overcome a resistance Stroke volume Amount of blood pumped out of heart each beat Synovial joint Joint containing synovial fluid to reduce friction, allowing a wide range of movement Systemic Movement of oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, and the return of circulation deoxygenated blood to the heart Tedium Principle of training that states training must be varied to prevent boredom and overuse injuries Tendons Elastic connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones Tidal volume Amount of air breathed in and out during normal breathing Total lung capacity Vital capacity added to residual volume Training Regular physical activity aimed at specific improvements Training zone Range of heart rate within which specific training effects will take place Veins Less elastic blood vessels that contain valves preventing back flow that return blood to heart Vertebral column Vertebrae of spine which protect spinal cord Vital capacity Maximum amount of air we exhale after inhaling deeply VO2 max Maximum amount of O2 that can be transported to and used by muscles during 1 min of exercise Voluntary muscle Muscles that work under our direct control Weight training Using weights as a form of resistance training More information… http://quizlet.com/20746678/gcse-pe-key-definitions-flash-cards/ • An excellent website that has definition – a computer that will speak the definition and also quizzes you can take to test yourself http://www.teachpe.com/gcse.php • A website full of GCSE AQA PE information, key terms, tests, revision and fun/games. http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/znyb4wx • GCSE PE bitesize website http://www.aqa.org.uk/subjects/physical-education • The GCSE PE AQA specification – here you can find past exam papers with answers, information on everything we do on the course and help for when you sit the exam Remember the theory is 40% of the exam – you will do very well on the practical however you must continuously revise for the exam.
