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WS/FCS Unit Planning Organizer Subject(s) Social Studies Grade/Course American History 1 Unit of Study Unit 3: The New Nation: Presidents Washington to Monroe (5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2) Unit Title The Young Republic Pacing 10 days Conceptual Lenses Leadership Power Foreign Policy Nationalism Unit Overview The third unit of American History 1 examines how United States struggled to adapt to its new constitution through the lenses of leadership, power, foreign policy, and nationalism. Federalist Era (1789-1801): As the first president of the United States, everything Washington did set a precedent for those that followed. Seeing a political divide beginning between major political leaders, Washington warned against the development of political parties, as he feared they would divide the nation. Yet, he tended to favor the Federalist views of John Adams and Alexander Hamilton. Overall, he was successful in establishing the power of the national government and keeping the United States out of foreign conflicts, which could have easily destroyed the young nation. Washington’s successor, John Adams, continued his policies but found it difficult to remain out of foreign affairs. The war between France and Britain affected American trade and placed Adams in a precarious situation. The two developing political parties were divided on whom to support. While the Federalists supported Britain, the Democratic-Republicans supported France. After learning of the U.S.’s treaty with Britain, a disgruntled France began seizing American merchant ships. Adams used diplomacy to avoid war with France, but his diplomatic measures resulted in a political scandal known as the XYZ Affair. The political scandal further divided the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. As tension between France and the U.S. increased, Adams turned to the legislature to pass Alien and Sedition Acts, which were viewed by Democratic-Republicans as unconstitutional. Although Adams was able to negotiate a peaceful resolution with France and avoid war, his presidency was tainted and he failed to win reelection. His tenure as president set a precedent for how citizens in the United States would respond to abusive and/or unpopular presidential action. Jeffersonian Democracy and the War of 1812 (1801-1815): John Adams lost his reelection bid to his Vice President, Thomas Jefferson. This was the first time the United States would witness the transfer of political power from one party to another, which brought a shift in political ideology. Controversy surrounding Jefferson’s election would result in a change to the Constitution. And, last minute political appointments made by Adams led to a court case, Marbury v. Madison, in which Chief Justice John Marshall would define the power of the Supreme Court. As President, Jefferson secured the appeal of the Alien and Sedition Acts, acquired the Louisiana Territory* from France, and struggled to keep the United States neutral in the ongoing war between France and Britain. After two terms, Jefferson followed Washington’s lead and decided not to run for re-election. With Jefferson’s support, James Madison would take the reins. Unfortunately for Madison, the ability to keep the country out of war was not possible. Due to pressure from younger politicians, known as the War Hawks, the British impressment of American sailors and British support of Native American attacks on the United States, the United States ended up going to war with Britain. Despite Great Britain’s enormous military advantages and the burning of the U.S. capital, the United States held its own during the War of 1812. The Treaty of Ghent settled the war with neither side gaining anything substantial. Relations between the United States and Great Britain improved and a sense of nationalism overtook the citizens of the United States. The Era of Good Feelings (1815-1824): The nationalistic spirit that resulted after the war led to an Era of Good Feelings. The strong sense of nationalism allowed all three branches of government to increase their power and work to strengthen and connect the United States. Henry Clay’s American System* was developed to support American businesses and improve America’s infrastructure. The Monroe Doctrine established the United States as protector of the Americas from European colonization. In addition, the Missouri Compromise* was created in an attempt to keep a balance of power between slave and free states and keep sectional tensions at a minimum. Unfortunately, this Era of Good Feelings would not last long. The election of 1824 caused a serious divide in the nation, as no candidate received enough electoral votes to win. A bargain between two candidates, John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, would lead to increased political conflict. *The Louisiana Purchase will come back as a starting place for Unit 5: Manifest Destiny with objective 3.2. In this unit, you are looking at the Louisiana Purchase from a governmental power/authority point of view, with objective 5.2 and 6.1. * The American System will come back in Unit 4: Political Conflict, Industrialization, and Reforms with objective 4.2 and 4.4. It is mentioned in this unit as support for nationalism and due to chronological placement. The national bank and development of infrastructure (canals/roads etc.) will be discussed in more depth in Unit 4. * The Missouri Compromise will come back in Unit 5: Manifest Destiny and Unit 6: A House Divided with objective 4.2. In this unit, you are looking at the Missouri Compromise as it relates to the distribution of governmental power/authority, with objective 5.2. Unit Enduring Understanding(s) 1. Leadership can affect governmental power. 2. Economic and political interests influence foreign policies. 3. Nationalism can result in a period of economic growth and political stability. Unit Essential Question(s) 1. How is governmental power affected by leadership? 2. How do economic and political interests influence foreign policies? 3. How can nationalism result a period of economic growth and political stability? Essential State Standards Priority Objectives Supporting Objectives AH1.H.5.2 Explain how judicial, legislative, and executive actions have affected the distribution of power between levels of government from colonization through Reconstruction. AH1.H.6.1 Explain how national economic and political interests helped set the direction of United States foreign policy from independence through Reconstruction. AH1.H.6.2 Explain the reasons for involvement in wars prior to Reconstruction and the influence each involvement had on international affairs. AH1.H.7.1 Explain the impact of war on American politics through Reconstruction. AH1.H.4.1 Analyze the political issues and conflicts that impacted the United States through Reconstruction and the compromises that resulted. AH1.H.4.2 Analyze the economic issues and conflicts that impacted the United States through Reconstruction and the compromises that resulted. AH1.H.7.3 Explain the impact of wars on American society and culture through Reconstruction. AH1.H.8.1 Analyze the relationship between innovation, economic development, progress, and various perceptions of the “American Dream” through Reconstruction. AH1.H.7.2 Explain the impact of wars on the American economy through Reconstruction. *Standards 1 (historical thinking) and 2 (turning points) are included in every unit. “Unpacked” Concepts (students need to know) AH1.H.5.2 how judicial, legislative, and executive actions have affected the distribution of power between levels of government from colonization through Reconstruction “Unpacked” Skills (students need to be able to do) AH1.H.5.2 Explain (affect) AH1.H.5.2 Understanding AH1.H.6.1 how national economic and political interests helped set the direction of United States foreign policy from independence through Reconstruction AH1.H.6.1 Explain (help) AH1.H.6.1 Understanding COGNITION (RBT Level) AH1.H.6.2 the reasons for involvement in wars prior to Reconstruction and the influence each involvement had on international affairs AH1.H.6.2 Explain (reasons) AH1.H.6.2 Understanding AH1.H.7.1 the impact of war on American politics through Reconstruction AH1.H.7.1 Explain (impact) AH1.H.7.1 Understanding AH1.H.7.2 the impact of wars on the American economy through Reconstruction AH1.H.7.2 Explain (impact) AH1.H.7.2 Understanding Standard(s) AH1.H.5.2 Explain how judicial, legislative, and executive actions have affected the distribution of power between levels of government from colonization through Reconstruction. AH1.H.6.1 Unit “Chunking” & Enduring Understandings Suggested Lesson Essential Questions Possible Factual Content (Bold Found in Standards) Example(s) From Unpacked Standard Federalist Era (1789-1801) George Washington - response to challenges Economic Impact of Leaders face How did George War economic Washington deal - debt from war challenges when with the United - Hamilton’s establishing a States’ economic plan new government. economic - Hamilton’s Report issues? on Manufactures Precedent Cabinet Whiskey Rebellion Loose v. Strict Interpretation of Constitution How and to what extent debt accumulated during the American Revolution threatened the economic development of the new nation under the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution. Explain how national economic and political interests helped set the direction of United States foreign policy from independence through Reconstruction. How did George Leaders face Washington deal political with the political challenges when challenges to establishing the the power and authority of a authority of the new government. new Federal government? AH1.H.6.2 Explain the reasons for involvement in wars prior to Reconstruction and the influence each involvement had on international affairs. AH1.H.7.2 Explain the impact of wars on the American economy through Reconstruction. Leaders of new governments often establish foreign and domestic policies aimed at strengthening and uniting the nation. How did George Washington attempt to strengthen and unite the new nation? George Washington - response to challenges Judicial, Legislative, and Executive Actions - effect on gov’t power and authority - separation of power - checks and balances - Judiciary Act of 1789 Precedent Cabinet Whiskey Rebellion Loose v. Strict Interpretation of Constitution George Washington - response to challenges Foreign Policy - shaped by national economic and political interests - diplomacy - French Revolution - Proclamation of Neutrality - Jay’s Treaty - Treaty of Greenville - Pinckney’s Treaty - isolationism Chief Cornplanter’s Address to Washington Precedent Loose v. Strict Interpretation of Constitution Farewell Address How, why and to what extent the leadership and presidency of George Washington established a stronger national government. Foreign policy guidelines and international agreements may encourage domestic economic and political stability. How and why political parties continued to debate the proper role of government long after the War for Independence ended. It is difficult for countries to remain neutral when their economy is threatened. Foreign policy decisions may be a source of tension. Why was it difficult for John Adams to continue Washington’s foreign policy of isolationism and neutrality? How did John Adams’ decisions regarding foreign affairs result in political conflict and his failure to be re-elected? John Adams - response to challenges Judicial, Legislative, and Executive Actions - effect on gov’t power and authority - separation of power - checks and balances - Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 - Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Foreign Policy - shaped by national economic and political interests * maritime trade - isolationism - neutrality - international agreements - French Revolution - XYZ Affair Undeclared War - reasons - influence on international affairs - political and popular opinion - international consequences Democratic System - often divided by groups with differing opinions - Jefferson and Adam’s correspondence Election of 1800 How, why, and to what extent the early republic adhered to a foreign policy of isolationism and neutrality, especially in the wake of the French Revolution. How the nation’s maritime trade interests tested American neutrality ad led to undeclared naval wars with foreign states during the early republic. How empirical conflict between Great Britain and France tested the neutrality of the United States. The distribution of power and authority may change during times of tension and conflict. - platforms and campaigns - impact distribution of power Two-Party System Loose v. Strict Interpretation of Constitution Revolution of 1800 AH1.H.5.2 Explain how judicial, legislative, and executive actions have affected the distribution of power between levels of government from colonization through Reconstruction. Jeffersonian Democracy and the War of 1812 (1801-1815) Executive, legislative, and judicial decisions can increase the power and authority of a nation’s government. How did Chief Justice John Marshall and President Thomas Jefferson increase the power of the federal government? AH1.H.6.1 Explain how national economic and political interests helped set the direction of United States foreign policy from independence through Reconstruction. AH1.H.6.2 Explain the Foreign wars can have an impact on a nation’s economy. How did the war between Britain and France impact the American economy? Thomas Jefferson John Marshall Supreme Court Judicial, Legislative, and Executive Actions - effect on gov’t power and authority - separation of power - checks and balances - Marbury v. Madison - Louisiana Purchase Judicial Review Thomas Jefferson Foreign Policy - shaped by national economic and political interests - Louisiana Purchase - Embargo of 1807 Barbary War * This unit will focus on the political aspect of acquiring the Louisiana Territory. More discussion on its How the early decisions of Chief Justice John Marshall and the United States Supreme Court increased the power and authority of the national government. How war between Britain and France impacted American trade and shipping leading up to the War of 1812. reasons for involvement in wars prior to Reconstruction and the influence each involvement had on international affairs. exploration and settlement will come in Unit 5. AH1.H.7.1 Explain the impact of wars on the American politics through Reconstruction. AH1.H.5.2 Explain how judicial, legislative, and executive actions have affected the distribution of power between levels of government from colonization through Reconstruction. War can strengthen a country’s government and increase its sense of nationalism and patriotism. How did the War of 1812 affect the United States? James Madison War of 1812 - reasons - influence on international affairs - political and popular opinion - international consequences - War Hawks - Hartford Convention Foreign Policy - shaped by national economic and political interests - Treaty of Ghent - Tariffs of 1816 Nationalism Patriotism Impressment Tecumseh Battle of New Orleans How various diplomatic treaties/agreements enabled political security and nationalism. Foreign Policy - shaped by national economic and political interests - Adams-Onis Treaty - Monroe Doctrine To what extent the Monroe Doctrine secured the nation’s dominant economic and political role in the Western Hemisphere. How, why and the extent to which maritime rights and/or territorial expansion led to the War of 1812. How and why the War of 1812 created a stronger national government and a sense of nationalism / patriotism among United States citizens. The Era of Good Feelings (1815-1824) How did the Countries often Monroe Doctrine develop policies secure the to protect their U.S.’s role as region of the the dominant world from nation in the foreign influence. Western Hemisphere? AH1.H.6.1 Explain how national economic and political interests helped set the direction of United States foreign policy from independence through Reconstruction. Compromise is necessary to balance power and ease tension within a nation. Why would the addition of new states to the union require negotiations and compromise? Judicial, Legislative, and Executive Actions - effect on gov’t power - Henry Clay’s American System - Monroe Doctrine - Missouri Compromise Democratic System - often divided by groups with differing opinions Election of 1824 - platforms and campaigns - impact distribution of power Andrew Jackson Henry Clay James Monroe John Q. Adams McCulloch v. Maryland Gibbons v. Ogden The power to govern in a democratic system is divided among different groups which, at times, are at odds with each other over how to best govern. * The focus of the American System is on economics. A more indepth look at infrastructure will come in Unit 4. * The focus on the Missouri Compromise is regarding political compromise. It will be looked at regarding expansion in Unit 5 and slavery in Unit 6. *Standards 1 (historical thinking) and 2 (turning points) are included in every unit. i.e.: How was the Monroe Doctrine a turning point in U.S. foreign policy? HISTORY Conflict Cooperation War GEOGRAPHY Migration CIVICS & GOVERNMENT Citizenship Governmental Systems Politics ECONOMICS Scarcity Trade CULTURE Influence Values and Beliefs Language Objective EXAMPLES Historical Thinking and Geography Skill Resources ○ “Straight Ahead” □“Uphill” ∆“Mountainous” Historical Thinking Geography Skills . General Unit Resources ○ “Straight Ahead” □“Uphill” ∆ “Mountainous” ○ Additional resources will be listed here as unit development continues. □ Additional resources will be listed here as unit development continues. ∆ Additional resources will be listed here as unit development continues. Text differentiation symbols: Texts will be categorized in teacher resource documents as Straight Ahead (less challenging for struggling readers), Uphill (having some challenging words and more complex sentence structure that is appropriate for on-grade level readers), or Mountainous (containing challenging vocabulary, complex sentences, and more abstract ideas).