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Investigating Cell Types
Student Guide
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Engage
Explore
Explain
Extend
Investigating Cell Types | STUDENT GUIDE
1
S-1
Engage
Name
Date
All living things are made of cells. Some living things are made of
only one cell and others, like you, are composed of billions of cells, or
even more.
Compare yourself to a tree. At first it may seem that you do not have
much in common with a tree. Trees are sturdy, have green leaves, and
can obtain energy from sunlight. Trees do not move from place to
place, but some can live for hundreds of years and grow fifty or a
hundred feet tall. You can move around from place to place. You can
sing and play games. Maybe you can ride a bicycle or even drive a car.
You can sit down, stand up, and lie down. A tree can do none of
these things. Yet both you and the tree are composed of cells.
Why is it that you
can do some
things that the tree
cannot?
What is the
difference at the
cellular level?
Why are some
organisms
classified as
animals and
others, as plants?
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
Engage
1. With your partner, brainstorm and create a concept map or
list of cellular structures, or organelles. What are the
functions of the organelles on your list? Record your
responses in your science notebook. Share your responses
with the class.
2. Create a second list in your science notebook. List all of the
differences between plant and animal cells that you can
think of. Discuss your list with the other pair at your station.
©2009 Carolina Biological Supply Company
Investigating Cell Types | STUDENT GUIDE
2
S-2
Explore
Name
Date
Activity 1. Observing Prepared Slides
In this activity, you will look at photographs and microscope slides of
plant and animal cells.
1. Working with your partner, review the two study cards.
2. Observe the two prepared slides under low and high power.
Using the list that you composed with your partner and the
study cards provided with the slides, look for structures that are
characteristic of each type of cell.
3. Record your observations in your science notebook. Use a
concept map, chart, or drawing to illustrate the differences
between plant and animal cells.
Explore
MATERIALS
microscope
Typical Plant Cells
slide
Typical Plant Cells,
sec. study card
Human Stratified
Squamous
Epithelium slide
Human Cheek Cell
study card
©2009 Carolina Biological Supply Company
Investigating Cell Types | STUDENT GUIDE
2
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Explore
Name
Date
Activity 2. Observing Live Organisms
In this activity, you will prepare and observe slides of plant cells and
living, single-celled organisms.
Observing Paramecium and Euglena
1. Place a drop of either the Paramecium culture or the Euglena
culture on a clean concavity slide. Do not use a coverslip. Place
the slide on the microscope stage and view the organisms
under low power. Observe the movements of the organisms.
Describe the organisms’ locomotion in your science notebook.
MATERIALS
microscope
bottle of Protoslo®
concavity slides
coverslips
distilled water
jar of Euglena
2. Add one drop of Protoslo to the culture on the slide. (This will
thicken the liquid and slow the movement of the organisms.
They will not be harmed.) Thoroughly mix the drops with a
clean toothpick. Place a coverslip over the sample on your slide.
jar of Paramecium
3. Locate a slow moving organism under low power before
switching to high power. Focus on the magnified organism and
observe the many cell organelles. Try to determine the function
of the organelles based on their form or shape.
toothpicks
Elodea sample
pipets
forceps
4. Describe the organism and its visible organelles in your science
notebook.
5. Repeat this process with the organism (Paramecium or Euglena)
that you have not yet observed.
Explore
©2009 Carolina Biological Supply Company
Investigating Cell Types | STUDENT GUIDE
2
S-4
Explore
Name
Date
Activity 2. (continued)
Observing Elodea
1. Choose several leaves from the Elodea sample. Using forceps,
remove them from the plant near the growing tip. Choose
leaves of varying shades of green.
2. Position a leaf on a clean slide with a drop of water. Place a
coverslip over the leaf.
3. Examine the leaf under low and high magnifications. Note any
organelles you see, and try to determine their function based
on their shape and any actions you observe. Repeat this process
with each leaf.
4. Record your observations about the Elodea leaves and any
visible organelles in your science notebook.
Explore
©2009 Carolina Biological Supply Company
Investigating Cell Types | STUDENT GUIDE
2
S-5
Explore
Name
Date
Activity 3. Altering Cellular Conditions
MATERIALS
In this activity, you will observe the cells’ reactions to salt, yeast, and
soap or detergent.
microscope
1. In your science notebook, create a Data Table similar to the one
below. In it, you will record your observations as you alter the
cellular and environmental conditions of the organisms.
2. Place an Elodea leaf in a salt solution for use later in this
activity.
3. Add one drop of salt solution to a clean slide containing
Paramecium and Protoslo. Do the same for another slide
containing Euglena and Protoslo. Add a coverslip to each slide.
View both slides under the microscope. Note any changes to
the cells and record your observations in the chart in your
science notebook.
4. After the Elodea leaf has soaked in the salt solution for several
minutes, place it on a clean slide and add a coverslip. View the
leaf under the microscope. Describe any changes in the cells in
the chart in your science notebook.
bottle of Protoslo®
concavity slides
coverslips
distilled water
jar of Euglena
jar of Paramecium
Elodea sample
pipets
toothpicks
forceps
salt solution
colored yeast
solution
soap or detergent
SAMPLE DATA TABLE
Salt
Solution
Detergent
or Soap
Colored
Yeast
Paramecium
Euglena
Elodea
©2009 Carolina Biological Supply Company
Investigating Cell Types | STUDENT GUIDE
2
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Explore
Name
Date
Activity 3. (continued)
Note: To complete the following steps, you will need to clean and
reuse your concavity slides. Clean the slides with water only. Throw
away the Elodea leaves that you viewed. It is safe to rinse the
Paramecium and Euglena cultures down the drain.
5. Place one small drop of soap or detergent on a clean slide
containing Paramecium and Protoslo. Do the same for a slide
containing Euglena and Protoslo, and for a slide containing
Elodea and water. Add a coverslip to each slide. View the slides
under the microscope. Note any changes to the cells in the
chart in your science notebook.
6. Use a toothpick to place a few colored granules of yeast—
lightly tap the toothpick on the slide—on a clean slide with
Paramecium and Protoslo. Do the same for a slide containing
Euglena and Protoslo, and for a slide containing Elodea and
water. Add a coverslip to each slide. View the slides under the
microscope. Note any changes to the cells in the chart in your
science notebook.
7. Observe which organisms, if any, feed on the yeast. If you
locate an organism that is eating the yeast, watch the path that
it takes through the organism’s body. Describe the feeding
process in your science notebook.
Explore
©2009 Carolina Biological Supply Company
Investigating Cell Types | STUDENT GUIDE
2
S-7
Explore
Name
Date
Activity 4. Designing and Conducting an Inquiry Activity
MATERIALS
In this activity, you will plan and carry out an experiment of your own
design.
microscope
1. With your partner, design and conduct an experiment to test
other similarities and differences between different types of
cells. Your teacher may supply equipment from the materials
list, or allow you to request additional items. List the items used
in your experiment in your science notebook. Remember, you
may have to repeat a test several times to be sure that your
results are consistent.
2. Clean up your area and return any unused supplies to the
proper location. Clean the slides with water only. Throw away
the Elodea leaves that you viewed. It is safe to rinse the
Paramecium and Euglena cultures down the drain.
bottle of Protoslo®
concavity slides
coverslips
distilled water
jar of Euglena
jar of Paramecium
Elodea sample
pipets
toothpicks
forceps
salt solution
colored yeast
solution
soap or detergent
Explore
additional materials
approved by your
teacher
©2009 Carolina Biological Supply Company
Investigating Cell Types | STUDENT GUIDE
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S-8
Explain
Name
Date
In 1665, an English scientist named Robert Hooke built a compound
microscope and used it to look closely at thin sections of cork. He
observed that cork is composed of tiny, boxlike compartments. The
compartments reminded Hooke of the small rooms, or cells, found in
monasteries; he called the tiny compartments of cork “cells,” and the
name stuck. The cells that Hooke observed were in fact the cell walls
of plant cells that were no longer alive. In the 1830s, a German
scientist named Matthias Schleiden determined that all plants are
made of cells, and another German scientist named Theodore
Schwann concluded the same thing about animals. Today we
recognize cells as the basic structural units of living things.
Cells are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Prokaryotes are singlecelled organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles (structures
characteristic of eukaryotes). All of the specimens in this activity are
eukaryotic, that is, each cell possesses a nucleus. Eukaryotic organisms
can be multicellular (made of more than one cell), like plants,
animals, and fungi, or unicellular (made of only one cell), like some
algae, protozoans, and yeast. Plant cells and animal cells are
identified as eukaryotic cells. Although both cell types are similar in
structure, there are a few major differences. Animal cells are enclosed
by a flexible cell membrane. They contain many small vacuoles, which
store nutrients for later use by the cell and waste materials to be
removed from the cell. Animal cells are sometimes surrounded by
hair-like cilia or possess a tail-like flagellum. Both cilia and flagella
help to move the cell.
Plant cells are usually larger than animal cells and do not move from
place to place. They have an additional structure, called the cell wall,
surrounding the cell membrane. The cell wall is rigid and provides an
extra layer of external support and protection for the cell. Plant cells
usually contain one large vacuole for storage, which takes up a large
portion of the cell. Plants use light energy from the sun to produce food
through a process called photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are structures
found in green plants and algae that carry out photosynthesis.
Explain
©2009 Carolina Biological Supply Company
Investigating Cell Types | STUDENT GUIDE
3
S-9
Explain
Name
Date
Elodea
Elodea, or waterweed, is an aquatic plant that is illegal in
certain states It grows rapidly and spreads aggressively, often
crowding out other plants. When present in large quantities,
it can reduce the amount of oxygen in the water and even
lower the water quality, negatively affecting fish and other
aquatic organisms. Elodea is commonly used in aquariums
and is regularly studied in classrooms. In Elodea leaf cells, the
cell walls, chloroplasts, and cytoplasmic streaming can be
easily viewed with a microscope. As the cytoplasm moves, it
transports nutrients, enzymes, and larger particles within the
cell. This allows organelles inside the cell to exchange materials. In
Elodea, cytoplasmic streaming is easy to view because the large
chloroplasts are transported along with the cytoplasm.
chloroplasts
cell wall
Elodea cells
Paramecium
Paramecium is classified in Kingdom Protista. There are nine different
species of Paramecium common to freshwater ecosystems, usually
found in the muck and decaying vegetation of ponds and lakes. These
eukaryotic, unicellular organisms are easily viewed under the
microscope due to their clearly visible organelles. Paramecium has a
thick outer layer called the pellicle that surrounds the cell membrane.
This layer gives Paramecium its characteristic slipper-like shape. Cilia are
located on the outside of the pellicle. These hair-like structures, used for
motion and food gathering, are most visible at the ends of the cell.
Inside the organism are a macronucleus, micronuclei, and vacuoles.
The two contractile vacuoles resemble sunbursts in shape and help
remove excess water from the paramecium. Food vacuoles form
around ingested food to break down and store nutrients until
needed. Paramecium feeds on yeast, algae, smaller protozoa, and
bacteria. One paramecium can consume up to 5,000 bacteria in one
day. Paramecia can eject trichocysts, long threads, to serve as means
of protection or to help stabilize themselves as they feed.
Explain
©2009 Carolina Biological Supply Company
Investigating Cell Types | STUDENT GUIDE
3
S-10
Explain
Name
Date
Euglena
Like Paramecium, Euglena is a member of Kingdom Protista. Euglena
appear green because they possess chlorophyll-containing chloroplasts,
organelles that are usually found in plants. However, Euglena lack the
cell wall typical of plant cells. Furthermore, Euglena are motile (they
can move around on their own), a characteristic strongly associated
with animals. This unusual combination of plant-like and animal-like
attributes initially caused a great deal of confusion and sparked much
debate among scientists about the proper classification of this
organism. Euglena are tolerant of organic pollutants and are
commonly found in farm ponds, in lagoons where sewage is treated,
and in other bodies of water possessing high levels of nitrogen.
Explain
©2009 Carolina Biological Supply Company
Investigating Cell Types | STUDENT GUIDE
4
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Extend
Name
Date
1. Explain the feeding process of Paramecium. Include details
about how Paramecium gathers food and the path that the
food takes once it has been ingested.
2. Cytoplasmic streaming is visible around the edges of Elodea
cells. Based on what you know about plant cell structure,
explain why this is seen in the outer portion of the cell.
3. Compare and contrast the methods of locomotion of Euglena
and Paramecium.
4. Explain how the contractile vacuole helps the organisms studied
in this activity to live out their lives in fresh water.
5. Using what you know about the cell membrane and cell wall,
compare and contrast the reactions of Paramecium, Euglena,
and Elodea to the detergent that was added to the slide. What
structural difference exists that might account for the
difference in these reactions?
Extend
©2009 Carolina Biological Supply Company
Investigating Cell Types | STUDENT GUIDE
4
S-12
Extend
Name
Date
6. When you bathe, your cells are exposed to soap and detergent.
Explain why your body reacts differently to the soap and
detergent than do the organisms observed in this activity.
7. Explain the responses of the organisms to the salt solution.
8. Describe how the organisms responded to the different tests
that you designed. Hypothesize possible reasons for these
responses.
9. After viewing the organisms, do you think that Euglena should
be classified as plant-like or animal-like? Use the results of this
activity to support your answer.
10.
Knowing what you now know about animal cells and plant
cells, explain several similarities and differences between
yourself and a tree or other plant.
Extend
©2009 Carolina Biological Supply Company
Investigating Cell Types | STUDENT GUIDE
S-13
Experimental Design Template
Name
Date
Question
What are you testing in your experiment? What are you trying to
find out?
Hypothesis
What do you think will happen? Why do you think so?
Materials
What are you going to use to find out the answer to the question?
Procedure
What are you going to do? How are you going to do it?
Data Collection
What data will you record and how will you collect and present it?
Show and explain any data tables and graphs that you plan to use.
Data Analysis
What happened? Did you observe anything that surprised you? Show
and explain any tables and graphs that support your data.
Conclusion
What conclusions can you draw based upon the results of your
experiment? How does this compare with your initial hypothesis? If
given the opportunity, how might you conduct the experiment
differently?
©2009 Carolina Biological Supply Company
Investigating Cell Types | STUDENT GUIDE
S-14
PARAMECIUM
Paramecium caudatum
1. Food vacuole
2. Mitochondrion
1
3. Crystal
4. Contractile vacuole in
diastole
2
18
3
4
{
6. Nephridial canal
17
5
5. Nephridial tubules
7. Discharge channel
16
6
8. Injector canal
7
8
9
15
9. Ampulla
10. Contractile vacuole in
systole
19
14
20
11. Caudal cilia
21
12. Cytoproct
5
13. Postesophageal
microtubules
13
6
14. Endoral membrane
10
12
15. Vestibulum
16. Macronucleus
17. Micronucleus
11
18. Trichocysts
19. Oral groove
20. Buccal cavity
21. Pellicle
Bioreview® Sheet
Printed in USA
©2009 Carolina Biological Supply Company
Investigating Cell Types | STUDENT GUIDE
S-15
EUGLENA
9
8a
8
10
7
11
6
5
1. Chloroplast
2. Pellicle
12
3. Paramylon
4. Phospholipid vesicles
5. Golgi body
13
4
6. Contractile vacuole
7. Photoreceptor
3
14
15
2
8. Cytopharyngial canal
8a. Cytopharyngial orifice
9. Flagellum
10. Stigma
16
17
1
11. Cytopharynx
12. 2 Basal bodies of
flagella (non emergent)
13. Mitochondrion
14. Endosome
15. Nucleus
16. Pyrenoid sheathed with
paramylon granules
17. Endoplasmic reticulum
Bioreview® Sheet
Printed in USA
©2009 Carolina Biological Supply Company
Cycling Through
Mitosis
RN-251002
Examining Cellular
Transport
RN-251001
Investigating
Cell Types
RN-251000
Synthesizing
Macromolecules
RN-251101
Strand
Cell
RN-251008
Introducing
Biotechnology
Understanding Reproduction
and Chromosomes
RN-251007
RN-251006
Modeling Genetic
Inheritance
RN-251005
Discovering Nucleic
Acids
RN-251102
Strand
Genetics
RN-251012
Analyzing Population
Growth
RN-251011
Building Ecological
Pyramids
RN-251010
Exploring the Nitrogen
Cycle
RN-251009
Identifying
Symbiosis
RN-251103
Strand
Ecology
RN-251015
Classifying Across the
Kingdoms
RN-251014
Changing Over
Time
RN-251013
Simulating the
Darwinian Theory
RN-251104
Strand
Evolution
RN-251018
Affecting Plant
Responses
RN-251017
Behaving Like
Animals
RN-251016
Observing Form
and Function
RN-251105
Strand
Physiology
Inquiries in Science® Biology Series
RN-251003
Energizing Cells
RN-251004
Inquiries in Science® : Complete Biology Series Lab Package
Includes kits RN-251000 through RN-251018.
RN-251100
®
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