Download CHAPTER 29 STARS 240 points

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240 points
CHAPTER 29 STARS
Date
SECTION 29.1 The Sun (40 points this page)
In your textbook, read about the properties of the Sun and the Sun’s atmosphere.
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
chromosphere
corona
gaseous
ions
photosphere
solar eclipse
solar system
solar wind
mass
The Sun is the largest object in our (1) _________________ . Its
Column
A
_____
The visible surface of the Sun is called the (4) ______________. It
is the lowest layer of the Sun and is approximately 400 km in thickness. The
average temperature is 5800 K.
Above the visible layer is the (5) __________________. It is
approximately 2500 km thick and has an average temperature of 15,000 K.
Without special filters, this layer is visible only during a (6) ________
13. Cooler areas on the surface of the
photosphere that appear darker than the
surrounding areas on the Sun
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Column B
prominence
solar flares
sunspots
coronal holes
solar activity cycle
_____
14. A period of 22 years in which the
number of sunspots on the Sun changes
regularly and the Sun’s magnetic field
reverses
_____
15. Areas of low density in the gas of
the corona from which particles escape
_____
16. Violent eruptions of particles and radiation from the
surface of the Sun
_____
17. Arc of gas ejected from the photosphere
(2) __________________ controls the motions of the planets. The
center of the Sun is very dense. The high temperature at its center causes the
solar interior to be (3) _________________ throughout.
Period
In your textbook, read about solar activity.
For each term in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Answer the following questions. (23 points)
______________.
18. What is fusion? Where does it take place in the Sun?
The top layer of the Sun’s atmosphere is the (7)____________ . It
has a temperature of about 3 million to 5 million K. Plasma flows outward
19. What is fission?
from this layer at high speeds and forms the (8) _________________.
It is made up of charged particles, or (9) __________________, which
flow outward through the entire solar system.
In your textbook, read about the solar interior.
Use the terms below to label the diagram.
10. convection zone
11. radiation zone
12. core
20. How is Einstein’s theory of special relativity expressed?
What does each letter stand for?
21. What is the process that transfers the Sun’s energy from the core?
Where does this process take place?
22. What is the process that carries the Sun’s energy the rest of the way
to the Sun’s surface?
What carries the energy?
Standard 1: Students will understand the scientific evidence that supports theories that explain how the universe and the solar system developed.
Objective 1: Describe both the big bang theory of universe formation and the nebular theory of solar system formation and evidence supporting them.
Page 1
Name
40 points
Date
Period
Thinking Critically
Wavelength Shifts (13 points)
One of the many ways scientists learn more about stars is the use of
spectral lines. Spectral lines help scientists determine the speed of a
star’s motion. Motion between the source of light and the observer
cause the spectral lines to shift in wavelength. Depending on whether
the wavelength is shorter or longer, the observer can determine if the
star is moving toward or away from Earth. These shifts are called
blueshifts and redshifts. The larger the shift, the higher the speed of
motion. The shifts in spectral lines can also be used to detect binary
stars as they orbit around their center of mass and move toward and
away from Earth.
Answer the following questions.
1. Explain the difference between blueshifts and redshifts.
2. The shifts in spectral lines are an example of the Doppler effect.
What motion will this effect not detect?
3. Why is it important that astronomers learn about stars?
4. How does understanding the formation and evolution of stars help
scientists understand the Sun?
Standard 1: Students will understand the scientific evidence that supports theories that explain how the universe and the solar system developed.
Objective 1: Describe both the big bang theory of universe formation and the nebular theory of solar system formation and evidence supporting them.
Page 2
Name ____________________________________
Date __________
Characteristics of Stars
Period ___________________
30 points
Use the following H-R diagram to answer questions 1–3.
1. Which star has the greatest brightness?
2. Which has the lowest brightness?
3. List the stars in order of increasing brightness.
4. Which star has the highest temperature?
5. Which star has the lowest temperature?
6. List the stars in order of increasing temperature.
In your textbook, read about Spectra. (10 points)
Identify each kind of spectrum and explain how each is produced.
3.
______________________
spectrum
2.
______________________ spectrum
1. ______________________ spectrum
Lives of Stars
________ 4. White dwarf, neutron star, or black hole
Understanding Main Ideas Fill in each blank with the
________ 5. The stage the sun is in
correct letter from the diagram.
________ 1. Red giant or supergiant
________ 2. Where fusion begins
________ 3. Part of a nebula
Standard 1: Students will understand the scientific evidence that supports theories that explain how the universe and the solar system developed.
Objective 1: Describe both the big bang theory of universe formation and the nebular theory of solar system formation and evidence supporting them.
Page 3
Name_______________________________________________
30 GALAXIES AND THE UNIVERSE
SECTION 30.1 The Milky Way Galaxy
In your textbook, read about discovering the Milky Way. (20 points)
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Column
A
______ 1.
Stars in the giant branch of the H-R
diagram that pulsate in brightness because of
the expansion and contraction of their layers
______ 2.
Stars that have periods of pulsations
between 1.5 hours and 1.2 days, and on
average, have the same luminosity
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Column B
Cepheid variables
luminosity
RR Lyrae variables
Sagittarius
variable stars
______ 3.
Stars with pulsation periods between 1 day and more than 100
days
______ 4.
By measuring a star’s period of pulsation, astronomers can
determine this
______ 5.
Direction of the center of the Milky Way is toward
this constellation
In your textbook, read about the shape of the Milky Way.
For each statement below, write correct or not correct. If the statement is not
correct, use proofreading marks to make it correct.
___________ 6.
Radio waves are used to map the Milky Way because
they can penetrate the interstellar gas and dust without
being scattered or absorbed.
Date
Period
In your textbook, read about the mass of the Milky Way.
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
2.6 million
stellar remnants
100 billion
halo
dark matter
supermassive black hole
galaxy
The mass located within the circle of the Sun’s orbit through the galaxy is
about (12) ______________________ times the mass of the Sun.
Because the Sun is of average mass, astronomers have concluded there are
about 100 billion stars within the disk of the (13)
______________________.
Astronomers have found evidence that much more mass exists in the
outer galaxy. Evidence indicates that as much as 90 percent of the galaxy’s
mass is contained in the (14) ____________ . This mass is not
observed in the form of normal stars, and astronomers hypothesize that some
of this unseen matter is in the form of dim (15)
______________________ , such as white dwarfs, neutron stars,
and black holes. The remainder of this mass, usually called (16)
______________________ , is a mystery.
Studies of the motion of stars that orbit close to Sagittarius A indicate
that this area has about (17) _________________ times the mass of
the Sun, but is smaller than our solar system. Astronomers believe that
Sagittarius A is a (18) ______________________ that glows
brightly because of the hot gas surrounding it and spiraling into it.
___________ 7.
Measurements of star luminosity at different
distances provide a hint of the Milky Way’s spiral arms.
In your textbook, read about the formation and evolution of the Milky Way
and maintaining spiral arms.
___________ 8.
Around the Milky Way’s nuclear bulge and disk is
the halo, where the globular clusters are located.
___________ 9.
Five major spiral arms and a few minor arms were
identified in the Milky Way..
__________ 10.
19. What two hypotheses explain how the spiral arms are
maintained?
What two theories explain how the spiral arms are maintained?
The Sun is located in the Milky Way’s minor arm
Orion at a distance of 26,000 ly from the galactic center.
__________ 11.
In its 5-billion-year life, the Sun has orbited the
galaxy approximately 100 times.
Standard 1: Students will understand the scientific evidence that supports theories that explain how the universe and the solar system developed.
Objective 1: Describe both the big bang theory of universe formation and the nebular theory of solar system formation and evidence supporting them.
Page 4
Name_______________________________________________
25 points
Date
Period
SECTION 28.1 Solar System Overview
Sequence the events of a collapsing interstellar cloud.
In your textbook, read about collapsing interstellar clouds and Sun and planet
formation.
For each item, write the word from the box
_____ The cloud becomes denser at the center.
_____ Rotation slows and the cloud flattens
_____ The cloud spins faster and faster.
_____ The cloud becomes a rotating disk.
_____ The collapse of the cloud begins to accelerate.
_____________
1. Gas and dust from which stars
and planets form
_____________
2. Force that pulls matter together
_____________
3. Solid bodies hundreds of
kilometers in diameter that
merged to form the planets
inner planets
hydrogen
planetesimals
gravity
interstellar cloud
Jupiter
_____________
4. Believed to be the first large planet to develop
_____________
5. Main element in early interstellar clouds
_____________
6. Lacking in satellites because of proximity to the
Sun
In your textbook, read about gravity and orbits.
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
universal gravitation
force
distance
Isaac Newton
masses
Moon
____________________ developed an
understanding of gravity by observing the motion of the (8) _________,
Describe the nebular theory of solar system formation and the
evidence supporting it. (6 points)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uhy1fucSRQI&safe=active
______________________
http://video.pbs.org/video/1790621534/
SECTION 30.2 Other Galaxies in the Universe
In your textbook, read about the expanding universe, active galaxies, and quasars.
For each item, write the word from the box
1. Feature in the spectra of
galaxies that indicates that they
are moving away from Earth
_____________
2. About 70 km per second per
megaparsec
_____________
3. Extremely bright galaxies that are often giant
elliptical galaxies emitting as much or more
energy in radio wavelengths than in wavelengths
of visible light
_____________
4. Starlike objects with emission lines in their
spectra
English scientist (7)
the orbits of the planets, and the acceleration of falling objects on Earth. He
learned that two bodies attract each other with a (9) ____________ that
depends on their (10) __________ and the (11) ____________
between the bodies. This is called the law of (12) ____________
______________. He also determined that each planet orbits a point
between itself and the Sun. That point is called center of mass.
Hubble
constant
quasars
radio galaxies
_____________
Standard 1: Students will understand the scientific evidence that supports theories that explain how the universe and the solar system developed.
Objective 1: Describe both the big bang theory of universe formation and the nebular theory of solar system formation and evidence supporting them.
Page 5
Name_______________________________________________
SECTION 30.3 Cosmology (30 points)
In your textbook, read about models of the universe.
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
open
closed
2.725 K
and its evolution is called (1) __________ . The fact
compressed
cosmology
that the universe is (2) _____________ implies
background noise
radiation
that it had a beginning. The theory that the universe began as a
density
point and has been expanding ever since is called the
Big Bang
lower
(3) ___________theory. The (4) ________________expanding
Wilkinson Microwave Anistropy
of the universe determines the outcome
Probe
cosmic
background
radiation
of the Big Bang. In a(n) (5) ________________
Date
Period
In your textbook, read about the Big Bang model.
Answers each question.
14. Name the three possible outcomes for the universe.
The study of the universe, including its current nature, its origin,
15. Describe the premise of the rate of expansion that these three possible
outcomes for the universe are based on?
16. Evidence suggests that the universe contains a great amount of
17. The universe began as a point and has been expanding ever since is
called the
____________
universe the expansion will never stop. In a(n) (6)
universe the expansion stops and becomes a contraction.
According to the more accepted theory, the Big Bang Theory, if the
18. When the rate of expansion of the universe is known, it is possible to
calculate the
________________
universe began in a highly (7)
state, it would
have been very hot, and the high temperatures would have filled it with (8)
________________. As the universe expanded and cooled, the
radiation would have been shifted to (9) ___________ energies and
19. Based on the best value for H that has been calculated, the age of the
universe is hypothesized to be about
longer wavelengths. In 1965, scientists discovered a persistent (10)
________________ in their radio antenna. The noise was caused
by weak radiation called the (11) ____________ It appeared to
come from all directions in space and corresponded to an emitting object
20. Illustrate a star moving away from you and another star moving
toward you. Show how waves are shortened and elongated.
Label redshift and blueshift.
___________
having a temperature of about (12)
, which is close to
the temperature predicted by the Big Bang theory. An orbiting observatory
________________, launched
called the (13)
the radiation in detail.
in 2001, mapped
Standard 1: Students will understand the scientific evidence that supports theories that explain how the universe and the solar system developed.
Objective 1: Describe both the big bang theory of universe formation and the nebular theory of solar system formation and evidence supporting them.
Page 6
Name_______________________________________________
GALAXIES AND THE UNIVERSE
Reviewing Vocabulary
(35 points)
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
______
______
In the space at the left, write correct if the statement is correct; if the statement is
not correct, change the italicized word or phrase to make it correct.
1. The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy.
___________
3. Edwin Hubble measured the redshifts and
distances of many galaxies and found that the
redshift of a galaxy depends on its distance from
Earth.
___________
4. Cosmic background radiation provides
information about conditions now in the expansion
of the universe.
___________
5. One way to estimate the fate of the universe is to
measure how much acceleration has occurred in its
expansion.
___________
7. Persistent noise discovered in 1965 that is caused
by weak radiation from all directions in space
6. A key goal of the Fermilab is to gather data that
would help to pinpoint the value for H, the Hubble
constant.
___________
8. Model that says the universe will stop expanding and
begin to contract
7. Heavy elements found on Earth are formed in
stars.
___________
8. Our sun produces Helium by fusion of Lithium
atoms.
___________
9. According to the redshift of spectral analysis
starlight, all of the galaxies are moving
toward each
____________________
other.
___________
10. The fact that there are elements larger than Iron
on Earth provides evidence that a Supernova once
happened in this section of the Universe billions of
years ago.
___________
11. Radioactive decay suggests that the earth and
solar system are 4.6 billion years old.
1. Study of the universe
a.
b.
2. Core of a galaxy in which
highly energetic objects or
c.
activities are located
d.
3. Gigantic formation of
e.
clusters of galaxies hundreds of f.
millions of light-years in size
g.
4. A value of approximately
h.
70 kilometers per second
per megaparsec
Column B
closed universe
cosmology
Big Bang theory
cosmic background radiation
open universe
Hubble constant
active galactic nucleus
superclusters
______
5. States that the universe began as a point and has been
expanding ever since
______
______
6. Proposes that the universe will never stop expanding
______
Period
___________
___________
Column A
______
______
Date
Understanding Main Ideas
9. Describe the big bang theory and the two important pieces of
evidence that supports this theory.
2. Studies provide evidence that there is a great
amount of unseen matter called dark matter
composed of dim stellar remnants that have no mass.
Standard 1: Students will understand the scientific evidence that supports theories that explain how the universe and the solar system developed.
Objective 1: Describe both the big bang theory of universe formation and the nebular theory of solar system formation and evidence supporting them.
Page 7
Life Cycle of Stars
Standard 1: Students will understand the scientific evidence that supports theories that explain how the universe and the solar system developed.
Objective 1: Describe both the big bang theory of universe formation and the nebular theory of solar system formation and evidence supporting them.
1. expansion of the universe
stops and begins to contract
back to original point of origin
2. when C is fused and energy
production ends expels outer
layers
3. Unknown component that makes
up about 23% of all matter in
the universe
4. expansion of the universe
slows to a halt, but never
contracts
6. star that is fusing H into He
9. stable final stage of a star
made of C
11. extremely dense final stage
of a star
17. used as evidence for the Big
Bang Theory
18. expansion of the universe
never stops
Down
Created by Puzzlemaker at
DiscoveryEducation.com
Big Bang Theory
Date
12. cloud of interstellar gas
and dust which collapses on
itself as a result of gravity
13. end result of massive
star with so much pressure
pulling on gravity that light
cannot escape
14. star that has burned all
H into He and now begins
fusing He into larger
elements
15. theory that the universe
began as a point and has been
expanding ever since
16. hot condensed center
where fusion may begin
Across
5. study of the universe, its
nature, origin, and evolution
7. spinning neutron star that
pulsates a pattern of light
8. an explosion that blows away the
outer portion of a star fusing
together the heavier elements
9. probe launched by NASA to map
cosmic background radiation
10. massive star that fuses
elements up to Ni into layers
Across
20 points
Name_______________________________________________
Period
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