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Unit 3: Biochemistry
The Chemistry of Life
Part 1: Basics of Chemistry
Atomic Structure Reminder:
Atoms contain three subatomic particles…
These are
1. ________…_____ charge
located in
2. ________…____ charge
_________!
3. ________…______ charge
Electrons surround the
nucleus in __________
Part 1: Basics of Chemistry
Atomic Structure Reminder:
Atoms contain three subatomic particles…
These are
1. Protons…positive charge
located in
2. Neutrons…no charge
NUCLEUS!
3. Electrons…negative charge
Electrons surround the
nucleus in orbitals
- Elements, Mixtures, and Compounds -
1. _______________
- a ______ substance made up of one
type of atom.
- organized on ______________
- each element has a unique
number of ______…its _____________
- Elements, Mixtures, and Compounds -
1. Element
- a pure substance made up of one
type of atom.
- organized on periodic table
- each element has a unique
number of protons…its atomic number
Examples: Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O),
Carbon (C), and Sodium (Na)
The rows are called
PERIODS
The columns are called
GROUPS
The elements in each
group have the same
number of valence
electrons…so they
react in the same way.
These groups are
MOST reactive
This group is
LEAST reactive
EachThe
element
atomic
is number
described
is with
theitsnumber
name and
of PROTONS
symbol
The atomic mass is
the number of PROTONS plus
the number of NEUTRONS
So an atom of silicon has
how many neutrons?
28 – 14 = 14 neutrons
- Elements, Mixtures, and Compounds -
2. ________________
- made up of more than one type of
substance
- __________ combined
- Elements, Mixtures, and Compounds -
2. Mixture
- made up of more than one type of
substance
- physically combined
Examples: mixture of
sugar and salt, salad
dressing, solutions,
and your blood!
- Elements, Mixtures, and Compounds -
3. ________________
- made up of more than one type of
substance
- ______________ combined
- always combined in same _______…
that’s the chemical formula!
- Elements, Mixtures, and Compounds -
3. Compound
- made up of more than one type of
substance
- chemically combined
- always combined in same RATIO…
that’s the chemical formula!
Examples: water (H2O), glucose
(C6H12O6), and salt (NaCl)
Chemical Bonding
1. __________________
• two or more atoms ________
electrons to form a molecule
2. __________________
• electrons are __________ by
atoms and become charged
Chemical Bonding
1.
Covalent Bond
• two or more atoms share
electrons to form a molecule
2.
Ionic Bond
• electrons are lost/gained by
atoms and become charged
Part 2: Properties of Water and pH
• Draw structure of five water molecules
• O and H atoms
do not share
electrons equally
• Oxygen is slightly
negative
• Hydrogen atoms
are slightly positive
Part 2: Properties of Water and pH
• Draw structure of five water molecules
• O and H atoms
do not share
electrons equally
polar
covalent bond
• Oxygen is slightly
negative
• Hydrogen atoms
are slightly positive
hydrogen bond
Properties of Water
• ___________________
• ___________________
• ___________________
• ___________________
All properties
due to the fact
that water
molecules
are _________
Properties of Water
• Storage of Heat
• Cohesion
• Adhesion
• Universal Solvent
All properties
due to the fact
that water
molecules
are POLAR
Ions
• Remember that atoms that either
_______ or _______ electrons become
_____, which are ____________ particles
• If an atom loses an electron, it becomes a
___________ ion called a ____________
• If an atom gains an electron, it becomes a
__________ ion called a __________
Ions
• Remember that atoms that either gain or
lose electrons become ions, which are
charged particles
• If an atom loses an electron, it becomes a
positive ion called a cation
• If an atom gains an electron, it becomes a
negative ion called an anion
pH Scale
• In solutions, water molecules can split into
__________ ions and __________ ions
• _________ are substances that produce
___________ ions in solution
• _________ are substances that produce
___________ ions in solution
• The __________ measures how ________ or
________ a solution is, which is based on ratio of
__________ and __________ ions
pH Scale
• In solutions, water molecules can split into
hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions
• Acids are substances that produce hydrogen
ions in solution
• Bases are substances that produce hydroxide
ions in solution
• The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a
solution is, which is based on ratio of hydrogen
and hydroxide ions
pH Scale
Acidic solutions have a
greater number of
____________ ions
than _____________ ions
Basic solutions have a
greater number of
____________ ions
than _____________ ions
pH Scale
Acidic solutions have a
greater number of
hydrogen ions
than hydroxide ions
Basic solutions have a
greater number of
hydroxide ions
than hydrogen ions
Part 3: Macromolecules
• Four categories of organic molecules
1. __________________
What does the term
“organic” mean?
2. __________________
3. __________________
4. __________________
• In general, called ________________
• First three categories are also _________
Macromolecules
• Four categories of organic molecules
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
What does the term
“organic” mean?
• In general, called macromolecules
• First three categories are also polymers
Polymer Principles
• Polymer –
• Monomer –
Polymer Principles
• Polymer – a long molecule consisting
of similar or identical building blocks
covalently linked together
• Monomer – the individual building
blocks that make up the polymers
Ex. If a sentence is a polymer,
words are monomers
Polymer Principles
Carbohydrates
• Commonly called _____________
• Only contain the elements __________,
___________, and __________ in a
specific ratio of ____________
Example: __________________________
• Main Function: _____________________
• Found in: _________________________
Carbohydrates
• Commonly called sugars
• Only contain the elements carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen in a specific
ratio of 1:2:1
Example: formula for glucose is C6H12O6
• Main Function: short-term energy source
• Found in: foods like fruits, vegetables, grain
Carbohydrates
• Monomers are called _________________
• Ex. __________________________
• Link two together to form a _____________
• Ex. __________________________
• Many linked together to form a ___________
• Ex. _________________
• Ex. _________________
Carbohydrates
• Monomers are called monosaccharides
• Ex. simple sugars like glucose
and fructose
• Link two together to form a disaccharide
• Ex. sucrose – common table sugar
• Many linked together to form a polysaccharide
• Ex. glycogen in animals
• Ex. starch and cellulose
in plants
Proteins
• Also called _____________
• Contain elements _________, _________,
________, ________, and _____________
• Monomers are called _________________
• _____ different types of building blocks
• _______________ properties vary based on
structure of _________________________
• _________ are assembled by __________
Proteins
• Also called polypeptides
• Contain elements carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
• Monomers are called amino acids
• 20 different types of building blocks
• Chemical properties vary based on
structure of the amino acids
• Proteins are assembled by RIBOSOMES
Proteins
Proteins
Polypeptide
Amino Acid
Peptide Bond
After amino acids are linked together,
the chain folds into a specific shape!
Shape determines protein’s functions!
Proteins
• Many Functions!
•
•
•
•
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
A Note about Enzymes
A _____________ is a molecule that an enzyme reacts with.
Enzymes and substrates fit together like a ________________
Proteins
• Many Functions!
•
•
•
•
structural proteins like collagen in skin
antibodies in your immune system
contractile proteins in your muscles
ENZYMES – help speed up chemical reactions
by reducing activation energy
A Note about Enzymes
A substrate is a molecule that an enzyme reacts with.
Enzymes and substrates fit together like a lock and key.
Proteins
Remember the function of all
proteins is based on the
shape of the protein!
If the shape of a protein changes,
the protein can no longer do its
job!
Nucleic Acids
• Two types: ___________________
• Contain elements _________, _________,
________, ________, and ___________
• Monomers are called _________________
• made up of three subunits
1. _______________________
2. _______________________
3. _______________________
Nucleic Acids
• Two types: DNA and RNA
• Contain elements carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
• Monomers are called nucleotides
• made up of three subunits
1. 5-carbon sugar
2. nitrogen base
3. phosphate group
Nucleic Acids
3.
1.
2.
Nucleic Acids
3.
1.
Nucleotide
2.
1. Phosphate Group
2. 5-Carbon Sugar
(Dexoyribose or Ribose)
3. Nitrogen Base
Nucleic Acids
• There are 4 different nitrogen bases in DNA:
___________________________________
1.
3.
2.
• RNA uses the nitrogen base ________
instead of ___________
• DNA carries genetic information, while RNA
is used in the making of proteins
Nucleic Acids
• There are 4 different nitrogen bases in DNA:
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine
1.
3.
2.
• RNA uses the nitrogen base Uracil instead
of Thymine
• DNA carries genetic information, while RNA
is used in the making of proteins
Lipids
• Technically not a ______________
• Include: _____, ____________,
•
•
________, and _________.
Composed of a backbone __________
and __________________ chains
Functions:
1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
Lipids
•
•
•
•
Technically not a polymer
Include: fats, phospholipids, steroids,
and waxes.
Composed of a backbone glycerol and fatty
acid chains
Functions:
1. Fats serves as long-term energy storage.
2. Cell membranes are made of phospholipids.
3. Many hormones are steroids.
Lipids
Glycerol
Fatty Acid Chains
Phospholipid
General Structure
of a Steroid