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Spanish 2 Study Guide
Final Exam
Para Empezar
ADJECTIVES p 3
Adjectives must agree with the noun they modify.
- Adjectives that end in –O have FOUR forms because they agree in both
NUMBER and GENDER.
- Adjectives that end in –E or a consonant have TWO forms because they agree in
NUMBER only.
- Most adjectives come AFTER the noun they modify.
- An adjective that describes both a masculine and a feminine noun must be in the
MASCULINE, PLURAL form.
SER p 5
What does SER mean? TO BE
Conjugate SER
Name the uses of SER:
1.
Time
2.
Possession
3.
Nationality
4.
Description
5.
Personality
6.
Composition
7.
Origin (de)
8.
Profession
9.
Religion
PRESENT INDICATIVE TENSE p 9
Give endings for the following types of infinitives:
-AR
-ER
-IR
Conjugate the following verbs IN THE PRESENT:
Andar
Beber
Subir
TENER p 15, 237
What does TENER mean? TO HAVE
Conjugate TENER
TENER is used to form the following
expressions:
TENER + …
Que + an infinitive
TO HAVE TO
Calor
TO BE HOT
Sueño
TO BE TIRED
Miedo (de)
TO BE AFRAID (OF)
Hambre
TO BE HUNGRY
Frío
TO BE COLD
Sed
TO BE THIRSTY
Cuidado
TO BE CAREFUL
Prisa
TO BE IN A HURRY
Razón
TO BE RIGHT
Tema 1A – Vocabulary p 40
STEM-CHANGING VERBS p 27
Which forms of the verb will have the spelling change in the stem? Use the conjugation box to
demonstrate:
- Stem-changing verbs use regular endings (see PRESENT INDICATIVE), even though they
have spelling changes.
Name the 4 types of stems-changing verbs and give examples of each:
E > IE
O > UE
E>I
COMENZAR
EMPEZAR
ENTENDER
ENCENDER
PREFERIR
PENSAR
RECORDAR
ALMORZAR
LLOVER
PODER
DORMIR
MORIR
REPETIR
PEDIR
VESTIR
DESPEDIR
SEGUIR
DECIR
U > UE
JUGAR
AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS p 31
By now you know many affirmative and negative words:
Someone, anyone
ALGUIEN
Something
ALGO
Some, any
ALGÚN, ALGUNO, -A, -OS, -AS
Always
SIEMPRE
Also, too
TAMBIÉN
No one, nobody
NADIE
Nothing
NADA
No, none, not any
NINGÚN, NINGUNO, -A
Never
NUNCA
Neither, either
TAMPOCO
- Alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas and ninguno, ninguna agree in NUMBER
and GENDER of the noun to which they refer.
- When alguno and ninguno come before a masculine singular noun, they change to
ALGÚN and NINGÚN
IR p 43
What does IR mean? TO GO
Conjugate IR
IR is used to talk about…
Going to places:
IR + A/AL/A LA + LOCATION
Don’t forget to use “al” if the place in masculine and
singular
The future:
IR + A + INFINITIVE
Tema 1B – Vocabulary p 68
COMPARISONS p 53
Equality
Traits:
as + adjective + as
Nouns:
as much/many + noun + as
TANTO / TANTA / TANTOS / TANTAS + NOUN + COMO
-
TAN + ADJ + COMO
When comparing nouns, the word TANTO agrees in number and gender with the noun compared, not the
subject.
Even though Realidades 2 focuses only on comparisons of equality, you should know comparisons of inequality as
well:
Inequality
More + (adjective or noun) + than
MÁS + ADJ + QUE
Less + (adjective or noun) + than
MENOS + ADJ + QUE
-
You can use these expressions when comparing both nouns and traits. If comparing traits, the adjective will
agree in number and gender with the subject.
Better than
MEJOR(ES) QUE
Worse than
PEOR(ES) QUE
Older than
MAYOR(ES) QUE
Younger than
MENOR(ES) QUE
Remember that these expressions are made plural when comparing a plural object
SABER vs CONOCER p 56
There are two verbs which mean TO BE in Spanish:
SABER
CONOCER
When will you use SABER?
When will you use CONOCER?
1. FACTS
1. PEOPLE
2. INFO
2. PLACES
3. HOW TO DO SOMETHING
3. THINGS
* CONOCER is followed by a personal “A” when the
DIRECT OBJECT is a person or a pet.
HACER IN EXPRESSION OF TIME (to say “how long”) p 58
To tell how long someone has been doing something, Spanish uses HACER in the following
structure:
HACE + AMOUNT OF TIME + QUE + VERB IN PRESENT TENSE
OR
VERB IN PRESENT TENSE + HACE + AMOUNT OF TIME
To ask how long someone has been doing something, Spanish uses the following structure:
¿Cuánto + TIEMPO + HACE + QUE + VERB IN PRESENT TENSE ?
Tema 2A – Vocabulary p 96
REFLEXIVE VERBS p 80, 305
Reflexive verbs are when the subject and the direct object are the SAME PERSON. In other
words, the subject does something to himself. Reflexive verbs use reflexive pronouns:
Reflexive pronouns are placed in the same positions as any other object pronoun. (see notes on
direct and indirect object pronouns)
Acostarse (O>UE)
TO GO TO BED
Afeitarse
TO SHAVE
Arreglarse el pelo
TO STYLE ONE’S HAIR
Bañarse
TO BATHE
Cepillarse
TO BRUSH
Cortarse el pelo
TO CUT ONE’S HAIR
Despertarse (E>IE)
TO WAKE UP
Divertirse (E>IE)
TO HAVE FUN
Ducharse
TO SHOWER
Lavarse
TO WASH
Levantarse
TO GET UP
Peinarse
TO COMB
Ponerse
TO PUT ON
Prepararse
TO PREPARE ONESELF
Secarse
TO DRY
Vestirse (E>I)
TO GET DRESSED
ESTAR p 86, 171
What does ESTAR mean? TO BE
Conjugate ESTAR:
Name three uses of ESTAR:
1. FEELINGS
2. LOCATION
3. CONDITION (PRESENT PROGRESSIVE)
Present Progressive: Irregular Forms
Some verbs have irregular present participle forms.
For –IR stem-changing verbs, the “E” in the infinitive changes to “I” and the “O” changes to
“U”.
EXAMPLES: DECIR
DICIENDO
PEDIR
PIDIENDO
REPETIR
REPITIENDO
SEGUIR
SIGUIENDO
SERVIR
SIRVIENDO
VESTIR
VISITENDO
DORMIR
DURMIENDO
MORIR
MURIENDO
In the following –ER verbs, the “I” changes to “Y”.
CREER
CREYENDO
LEER
LEYENDO
OÍR
OYENDO
DESTRUIR
DESTRUYENDO
CAER
CAYENDO
TRAER
TRAYENDO
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES LONG FORM p 88
Name ALL the possessive adjectives in long form:
MINE
YOURS
HIS
HERS
YOURS
ITS
mío, míos
mía, mías
tuyo, tuyos
tuya, tuyas
suyo, suyos
suya, suyas
nuestro, nuestros
nuestra, nuestras
OUR
vuestro, vuestros
vuestra, vuestras
suyo, suyos
suya, suyas
THEIRS
YOURS
Possessive adjectives in long form all agree in NUMBER and GENDER. They are used in
phrases that contain the word “OF” (friends of his, husband of mine, child of yours). These
forms are often used for emphasis. To clarify or emphasize possession, you can use de + a noun
or pronoun instead of a form of suyo.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Possessive pronouns are the same words as the possessive adjectives in long form, but one of the
definite articles (el, la, los, las) will be used with it. The pronouns are used when the object has
been identified already.
Compré mi niña una gorra nueva, pero a ella le gusta LA MÍA. (LA MÍA represents mine [my
cap].)
NUMBERS 0-1,000, p 99
It is assumed that you now how to say, spell and recognize the Spanish numbers 0–30. If not,
you will have some extra studying to do.
Write the following numbers:
30
TREINTA
200
DOSCIENTOS
40
CUARENTA
300
TRESCIENTOS
50
CINCUENTA
400
CUATROCIENTOS
60
SESENTA
500
QUINIENTOS
70
SETENTA
600
SEISCIENTOS
80
OCHENTA
700
SETECIENTOS
90
NOVENTA
800
OCHOCIENTOS
100
CIEN
900
NOVECIENTOS
100+ CIENTO
1, 000 MIL
-
Any number that ends in “uno” agrees in gender with the noun it modifies. If it comes before
a masculine noun, the “uno” changes to “UN” and before a feminine noun it changes to
“UNA”.
-
Un is not before cien, ciento and mil.
Tema 2B – Vocabulary p 124
PRETERITE REGULAR VERB CONJUGATION p 111
Give ending for the following types of infinitives:
-AR
-ER
-IR
Other spelling changes occur with only the “yo” form of the verb in –AR verbs.
-CAR
C
-ZAR
QU
Z
-GAR
C
G
GU
EXAMPLES:
TOCAR
BUSCAR
PRACTICAR
SACAR
PICAR
EMPEZAR
ALMORZAR
COMENZAR
GOZAR
TROPEZAR
JUGAR
PAGAR
LLEGAR
NAVEGAR
DEMONSTRATIVES p 114
Demonstrative adjectives – used when the object is named RIGHT AFTER the demonstrative.
This
That
That (over there)
ESTE
ESTA
ESE
ESA
AQUEL
AQUELLA
These
Those
Those (over there)
ESTOS
ESTAS
ESOS
ESAS
AQUELLOS
AQUELLAS
EXAMPLES: This class
ESTA CLASE
That girl (over there) AQUELLA CHICA
ESOS PANTALONES
Those pants
Demonstrative pronouns – used when the object was previously named (ONE or ONES is
said or implied)
This
That
That (over there)
ÉSTE
ÉSTA
ÉSE
ÉSA
AQUÉL
AQUÉLLA
These
Those
Those (over there)
ÉSTOS
ÉSTAS
ÉSOS
ÉSAS
AQUÉLLOS
AQUÉLLAS
EXAMPLES: These books and those
Estos libros y ÉSOS
That dress and this one
Ese vestido y ÉSE
Those over there
AQUÉLLOS
ADJECTIVES USED AS NOUNS p 116
When you are comparing two similar things you can avoid REPETITION by dropping the noun
and using an ARTICLE with an ADJECTIVE.
EXAMPLES: I like the pink shirt and the blue.
Me gusta la camisa rosada y LA AZUL
Do you want the big steak or the small one?
¿Quieres el biftec grande o EL PEQUEÑO
TIME p 127
Please review time on your own.
Tema 3A – Vocabulary p 152
DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS p 138, 166
What is a direct object pronoun? THE OBJECT DIRECTLY ACTED UPON BY THE
SUBJECT
Name the 7 Spanish DOPs:
Placement rules:
1. DOPs are placed BEFORE conjugated verbs.
2. DOPs are ATTACHED to infinitives.
3. DOPs are ATTACHED to present participles (-ANDO/-IENDO)
What is the accent rule regarding present participles? (Where does the accent belong?)
COUNT THREE VOWELS FROM THE END (A IN –ANDO AND E IN –IENDO)
4. DOPs are ATTACHED to AFFIRMATIVE commands.
A written accent is required when the command is more than one syllable.
IRREGULAR PRETERITE: IR, SER, HACER and DAR p 140, 142
Conjugate the following verbs in the preterite:
IR
SER
HACER
DAR
IRREGULAR STEMS IN THE PRETERITE p 142, 274
The following verbs DO NOT use their regular stems to form the preterite, nor do they use the regular endings (see
PRETERITE REGULAR VERB CONJUGATION).
Fill in the blanks with the irregular preterite stems for the following verbs:
Andar
ANDUV-
Estar
ESTUV-
Tener
TUV-
Venir
VIN-
Poner
PUS-
Poder
PUD-
Querer
QUIS-
Saber
SUP-
Decir
*DIJ-
Traer
*TRAJ-
The irregular stems use the following endings instead of regular preterite endings:
*
* Verbs whose stem ends in “J” drop the “I” and add –ERON to the 3rd person plural ending.
PRESENT TENSE IRREGULAR “YO” FORM VERBS p 15, 155
The following verbs have irregular “yo” forms, but the rest of the verb is conjugated normally.
What are they?
Hacer
HAGO
Salir
SALGO
Venir
VENGO
Tener
TENGO
Conseguir
CONSIGO
Oír
OIGO
Seguir
SIGO
Poner
PONGO
Traer
TRAIGO
Conocer
CONOZCO
Decir
DIGO
Ver
VEO
Dar
DOY
Saber
SÉ
Tema 3B – Vocabulary p 180
TÚ COMMANDS p 168
Affirmative Regular
Conjugate in the “tú” for and drop the “S”
EXAMPLE:
Study your math!
ESTUDIA LAS MATEMÁTICAS
Share your drink!
COMPARTE TU BEBIDA
Affirmative Irregular
The following verbs have irregular tú command forms:
Tener
TEN
Poner
PON
Hacer
HAZ
Salir
SAL
Venir
VEN
Decir
DI
Ir
VE
Ser
SÉ
Tema 4A – Vocabulary p 208
IMPERFECT p 194
The Imperfect is used to express what was happening in the past.
Give the regular endings for the Imperfect:
IMPERFECT OF IR, SER and VER p 196
SER
IR
INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS p 199, 328
Name the 5 Spanish IOPs:
VER
INDIRECT OBJECTS TELL TO WHOM OR FOR WHOM AN ACTION IS PERFORMED.
Placement rules:
1. IOPs are placed BEFORE conjugated verbs.
2. IOPs are ATTACHED to infinitives.
3. IOPs are ATTACHED to present participles (-ANDO/-IENDO)
What is the accent rule regarding present participles? (Where does the accent belong?)
OVER THE “A” IN –ANDO OR THE “E” IN –IENDO (OR-YENDO)
4. IOPs are ALWAYS ATTACHED to AFFIRMATIVE commands.
A written accent is required when the command is more than one syllable.
Tema 4B – Vocabulary p 234
IMPERFECT vs. PRETERITE p 219, 248
By now, you should know the conjugations of the preterite and the imperfect. But, the
conjugations do you no good unless you know when to use them. In the columns below, write
whatever you remember about the uses of the preterite and the imperfect including key words
you may see in the sentence.
PRETERITE USES
-ED ENDINGS
ONE TIME EVENT
INTERRUPTING ACTION
SUDDEN CHANGE
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
DIRECT QUOTE
REFERENCE TO BEGINNING OR
END
SPECIFIC TIME FRAME
IMPERFECT USES
WAS / WERE + -ING
ONGOING ACTION
ACTION IN PROGRESS
USED TO
SETTING
TELLING TIME
PHYSICAL / MENTAL STATE
SIMPULTANEOUS ACTIONS
HEARSAY / GOSSIP / RUMORS
REPEATED ACTIONS
HABITS / ROUTINES
RECIPROCAL ACTIONS p 224
Sometimes the reflexive pronouns nos and se are used to express the idea “to each other”.
We kissed (each other)
NOS BESAMOS
They wrote (each other)
SE ESCRIBIERON
It is important to note that only nos and se can be used reciprocally. You must have at least
TWO PEOPLE in order to have a reciprocated action.
IMPERSONAL SE (CHAPTER 7A)
In Spanish, the pronoun SE represents an indefinite or “impersonal” subject that refers to people
in general, rather than to specific persons.
Se puede encontrar ropa usada aquí.
•
When talking about a plural noun, the verb is plural.
Se venden carros.
•
One can find used clothing here.
Se buscan camareros.
Se rentan bicicletas.
When talking about an activity, the verb is singular.
Se prohíbe fumar.
Se permite hablar inglés.
Se necesita salir.
Tema 5A – Vocabulary p 262
PRETERITE OF LEER, OÍR, CREER p 250
Some verbs have spelling changes in the preterite. Conjugate the following verbs:
CREER
OÍR
LEER
Other verbs that follow this pattern:
DESTRUIR
CAER
* Destruir does not have accents in the “tú” form, nor in the “nosotros” form like the other 4 verbs.
Tema 5B – Vocabulary p 288
IMPERFECT PROGRESSIVE p 277
To describe something that was happening over a period of time in the past, use the imperfect
progressive:
ESTAR (in the imperfect)
+
Present Participle
-AR verbs:
-ER/-IR verbs:
-ANDO
-IENDO
For –IR stem-changing verbs, the “E” in the
infinitive changes to “I” and the “O” changes
to “U”.
DECIR
SENTIR
MORIR
DICIENDO
SINTIENDO
MURIENDO
In the following –ER verbs, the “I” changes to
__________:
CREER
CAER
TRAER
•
CREYENDO
CAYENDO
TRAYENDO
IOPs, DOPs or reflexive pronouns are ATTACHED to present participles.
What is the accent rule regarding present participles? (Where does the accent belong?)
THE ACCENT WILL BE OVER THE “A” IN –ANDO AND THE “E” -IENDO
Tema 6A – Vocabulary p 316
STEM-CHANGING VERBS IN THE PRETERITE p 302
Two conditions must be met before the verbs will stem-change:
1. The verb must be AN –IR INFINITIVE
2. The subject must be 3RD PERSON
There are two types:
E>I verbs include:
O>U verbs include:
SENTIR
PREFERIR
SERVIR
DESPEDIR
PEDIR
REPETIR
VESTIR
MENTIR
COMPETIR
PEDIR
DIVERTIR
DORMIR
MORIR
REÍR
SONREÍR
SOME THINGS TO BE AWARE OF
You should be able to do the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Name as many Hispanic artists as you can
Give the date of Mexican Independence Day
Name the Latin America Countries and capitals (América Central y el Sur, El Caribe y
España – see pages xvi-xxix. Also, see the song in the back of this packet.)
Describe what is happening in a picture
Read directions to get from point A to point B (see below)
Speak for a minimum of one minute on various topics like a vacation you took, what you were
like as a child, a memorable celebration from the past or what elementary school used to be
like.
Know when to use “tú” and when to use “usted”
Read passages in Spanish and answer multiple choice questions
Listen to Spanish sentences and choose the pictures discussed
Know the meanings of the following vocabulary words:
Bolso
PURSE, BAG
Centavo
CENT
Obra de arte
WORK OF ART
Conocida
KNOWN
Encanto
DELIGHTED
Jabón
SOAP
Tener cuidado
TO BE
CAREFUL
Al lado de
NEXT TO
Consultorio
MEDICAL
OFFICE
Fuegos
artificiales
FIREWORKS
Desfile
PARADE
Misas
MASSES
Soprender
TO SURPRISE
Barato
CHEAP
Más o menos
MORE OR LESS
Consentido
SPOILED
Caro
EXPENSIVE
Ajedrez
CHESS
Abrigo
COAT
Compartir
TO SHARE
Boda
WEDDING
Echar
TO SEND
Disfrutar
TO ENJOY
Cantidad
QUANTITY
Patines
SKATES
Ejemplo
EXAMPLE
Disfraces
COSTUMES
Caballo
HORSE
Salón
SALON
Cumplir
TO HAVE A
BIRTHDAY
Demás
BESIDES
Batido
MILKSHAKE
Travieso
NAUGHTY
GIVING AND UNDERSTANDING DIRECTIONS (Tema 3B)
To cross
CRUZAR
To turn
DOBLAR
To go straight
SEGUIR DERECHO
To take
TOMAR
To pass
PASAR
To continue
SEGUIR
To the left
A LA IZQUIERDA
To the right
A LA DERECHA
Until
HASTA
Between
ENTRE
In front of
DELANTE DE
Facing
FRENTE
The street
LA CALLE
The corner
LA ESQUINA
The city block
LA CUADRA
Close to
CERCA DE
Far from
LEJOS DE