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AP European History gphs /// Frye Final Exam Study Guide A Jan 11 18 MLK DAY A 25 review Review night B C 13 OH REVIEW A B 14 TEST [obj/sa] 15 UNIT DEADLINE C 19 A 20 review B C 22 B C 27 ALL CLASSES 28 12 4E due FINAL [obj/sa] 26 FINAL [leq] LAST DAY ALL WORK 21 Terms BACKGROUND FROM ANCIENT THROUGH THE MEDIEVAL ERA The Greco-Roman era… Polytheism Socrates’ revolutionary idea of logos Plato’s ideals & Aristotle’s particulars Judeo-Christian ethos, legacy, worldview Imago dei 30AD – Death of Christ 313AD – Conversion of Constantine 476 “Fall” of Rome EARLY MIDDLE AGES [c.476-1000s] Reconquista [711-1492] 732 – Franks win Battle of Tours vs Muslim invasion Charlemagne 800 – Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor the Byzantine Empire / Greek / Orthodox Catholic church, pope Monasteries Men to fight, work, pray [feudal order] Vassal / Overlord Clergy / laymen 1066 Norman invasion of England HIGH MIDDLE AGES [c.1100-1300s] Canon law Towns, currencies, Christendom the university & the Scholastics TEST [dbq] NO classes 29 clerical day Crusades – cause [Battle of Manzikert 1071] / effects Aquinas (1200s) BIG ideas * embracing reason, Aristotle “all truth is Gods truth” * natural law The disasters of the 14th century 100 Years War Jacqueries the Black Death, Little Ice Age Mongols and Turks 1453 – Fall of Constantinople Avignon/Babylonian Captivity Great Schism [1378-1414] John Wycliffe Jan Hus lay piety (Modern Devotion and Brethren of the Common Life) STARK IDEAS Two churches – Church of Piety / Church of Power Syncretism - “peoples religion” [folk religion] RENAISSANCE Jakob Burkhardt vs. the Medievalists overall impact of Renaissance c.1450 printing press: Gutenberg [APE 1.1:IIA] The printing press spread VERNACULAR which helped encourage NATIONALISM. The Italians Humanism (Italian Renaissance) Petrarch [APE 1.1:IA/IB/IC] Italian Renaissance humanists [Pico della Mirandola] revived classical [Greco-Roman] literature and language [L. Valla]. Some Italian thinkers were more secular [Machiavelli] than religious. Humanists revived Greco-Roman texts, spread by the printing press after the 1450s and challenged the universities and Church, moving education away from religion and toward classical texts. {This process can be traced back to Aquinas}. This also promoted the idea of civic humanism in city states and more secular models for behavior. {Machiavelli, Castiglione}. Florence, Genoa, Venice, Rome as centers of trade and thus Renaissance the Medici [Cosmio and Lorenzo] and the Quattrocento Dante’s Divine Comedy Castiglione’s Courtier Thomas More Utopia Lorenzo Valla’s exposure of the Donation of Constantine Christine de Pisan Pico della Mirandola 1494-98 Savonarola and the French invasion of Florence 1527 sack of Rome by Spanish mercenaries the Borgias (Alexander VI and son Cesare) Perspective and Renaissance art [APE 1.1:.IIIA / IIIB] Princes, merchants and popes used art to enhance their prestige and were PATRONS of the artists, who became more famous. Renaissance art was based on classical styles and used new techniques like geometric perspective. They also painted using models and themes from their own everyday life. Michelangelo Sistine Chapel, David, Donatello, Raphael The School of Athens, Leonardo daVinci Last Supper, Mona Lisa Brunelleschi’s Dome Vasari’s Lives of the Artists [artist as hero] APE 1.2:IA, ID – New monarchs tried to centralize power by gaining a monopoly on tax collection, organizing national armies, national law systems, and determining the religious practice for their subjects. (Ferdinand and Isabella and the Spanish Inquisition, the Valois kings in France [Francis I] supported by secular theorists like Machiavelli.) The Hapsburgs The Fuggers Holy Roman Empire Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille Cardinal Ximenes & the Inqusition Northern Renaissance APE 1.3:IA – Christian humanism (Erasmus) used Renaissance humanist methods to analyze the Bible and improve theological reasoning, but this led to criticism of the Church and culture. (And laid the foundation for the Reformation…) Geopolitical situation in Europe, 1400-1500; MAP of EUROPE c. 1500 The Reformation Era BACKGROUND & BEGINNING [APE 1.3 IB] Religious pluralism – especially after the Reformation – challenged and changed theology, religious institutions, and European culture. Reformers like Luther, Calvin, and the Anabaptists were angered by indulgences and simony. Problems in the Catholic church, c.1500 Luther 95 Theses [OCT 31, 1517] Wittenberg Translation of Bible into German Tetzel & indulgence sales Pope Leo X Charles V Diet of Worms 1521 German Peasant Revolt 5 SOLAS Protestant beliefs (in contrast to Catholic) Schkamaldic League [war] 1544-55 Peace of Augsburg 1555 Ulrich Zwingli Anabaptists Menno Simons Calvin Institutes TULIP, Predestination Huguenots John Knox, Presbyterianism Covenant democracy in Geneva Anglicans William Tyndale Henry VIII [Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn] Act of Supremacy 1534 Seizing monasteries “Bloody” Mary (Tudor) Elizabeth I (Attitude toward religion) [APE 1.3 IIA/B/C] The Reformation saw increased state control of religion (for example the Spanish Inquisition, and the top down control by Henry VIII and Elizabeth via the Book of Common Prayer. But The Reformation also led to challenges against the state. Calvin and the Anabaptists refused to subordinate church to the state. This led to conflicts between people and the state – for example the Huguenots (France) and Puritans (England). [APE 1.3 IC] The Catholic Reformation after the Council of Trent and led by Loyal and the Jesuits revived the church but refused theological compromise with the Protestants. Council of Trent Loyola and the Jesuits [APE 1.3 IIIA] Religious conflicts overlapped with politics and economic competition within states and between nations. For example it intensified competition between noble families in the French “Wars of Religion” [aka War of the Three Henrys]… Religious wars of France Catherine de Medici & St. Bartholomew’s Massacre (1572) Henry Bourbon of Navarre (Henry IV) Politiques Edict of Nantes (1598) [APE 1.3 IIIB] The Reformation wars…frustrated the Hapsburg attempts to restore Catholic unity to Europe… Phillip II of Spain [policies, role as great power in late 1500s Europe] Lepanto (1571) Dutch revolt (“United Provinces”) William the Silent (of Orange) [APE 2.1 IIB] The Dutch Republic developed an oligarchy of elites [urban merchants and aristocrats] that promoted trade and traditional rights Mary Queen of Scots (Stuart) Francis Drake Spanish Armada (1588) [APE 1.3 IIID] A few states like the French [Edict of Nantes] or Dutch allowed limited religious pluralism [toleration]. [APE 1.2 I A/D] The Rise of a Secular State – New concepts of secular state and law led to changes in the state or new political institutions; [A] for example by gaining a monopoly on tax collection, organizing national armies, national law systems, and determining the religious practice for their subjects (Peace of Augsburg [1555 HRE], Act of Supremacy [1534 England], Edict of Nantes [1598 France]); backed by secular theorists like Hugo Grotius [natural law as basis of international law] Cardinal Richelieu 30 Years War [causes, Peace of Westphalia 1648] [APE 1.2 I B] The Peace of Westphalia [1648] marked the end of “universal Christendom”, and accelerated the decline of the Holy Roman Empire by granting local princes, etc. control over religion. [APE 1.2 III A] The competition for power between kings, merchant elites, an nobles changed political structures; for example the English Civil War’s competition between crown and Parliament. JAMES I Puritans Structure and function of Parliament (pre-Cromwell and post-Glorious Rev.) {Lords and Commons} CHARLES I Illegal taxes and arrests [Star Chamber] Long Parliament English Civil War (1642-48) Roundheads vs Cavaliers Cromwell (1648-1660) & The Commonwealth The Rump Levelers [APE 2.1 IIA] The outcome of the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution asserted the rights of Parliament, protecting some rights of the nobles and elite commoners [gentry]. The Restoration era… CHARLES II “Merry monarch” Plague, Fire, and Academy JAMES II and the Glorious Revolution (1688) William (III, Orange) and Mary Bill of Rights, 1689 Act of Toleration, 1690 Battle of the Boyne, 1690 Fate of Ireland in the 1600s [APE 1.5] The Reformation affected social customs… Usury legalized ..and raised debate about family roles [APE 1.5IVB] …women preachers and education Age of Discovery [APE 1.4 ia-b] European nations were driven by commercial and religious motives to explore and colonize. European states sought gold, spices, and luxury goods. The rise of mercantilism gave the state a key role in promoting global commerce and colonies. [APE 1.4 ic] Christianity inspired some explorers and missionaries; it was also used to justify conquest. [APE 1.4ii]Advances in navigation, maps, and military technology made overseas empires possible. [For example: compass, lateen sails, guns]. [APE 1.4iii a-d] Europeans established overseas empires and trade networks through war and/or negotiation including… A. The Portuguese established a maritime empire from Africa to Asia, as well as Brazil. B. The Spanish became the dominant power in the 1500s with colonies in the Americas. C. France, England, and the Netherlands competed with and surpassed Spain and Portugal by the 1600s. D. These conflicts led to war. CAUSE / EFFECT / IMPACT of Portuguese maritime empire / golden age [1400s-1580] Vasco daGama Cabral and Brazil Treaty of Tordesillas MERCANTILISM Columbus and the Spanish conquest of the New World Spanish empire Conquistadores Commercial Revolution - CAUSES East India Companies New world slavery Bubbles [Dutch tulips, South Sea, Mississippi] Globalization of trade [APE 1.4 iv a-c] COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE [see John Green video on this for review!] [APE 1.5] Economic change changed society * Cities grew; but these cities became places of crime and social disruption (like the Gin issues in London). * A money economy replaced a barter economy * Commercial innovations changed global finance (Bank of Amsterdam, Dutch East India Co., British East India Co.) * A new economic elite – commoners with money – arose. (EX: Gentry in England, nobles of the robe in France.) * Agriculture shifted from renting to managed plantations; land was fenced [enclosure] and rural poor were kicked out. They either worked in cottage weaving or emigrated to cities. * In the east, serfdom increased; in the west, peasants became free. * This all occurred during rapid population growth. Scientific Revolution [17c] Montaigne Essays F. Bacon R. Descartes Discourse on Method Cogito ergo sum Cartesian dualism Inductive thinking Deductive thinking Empiricism Skepticism Vesalius Wm. Harvey Pre-Copernican cosmography Copernicus Tycho Brahe Johannes Kepler Galileo Isaac Newton significance of Royal Academies changes in laws of evidence changes in historiography [APE 1.1iva-d] New ideas in science based on observation, experimentation and math challenged classical/traditional views of the cosmos, nature, and humanity. a. Heliocentrism: Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton made discoveries that questioned accepted views. b. New ideas about medicine (Vesalius, Harvey) challenged Galen’s old theory of humors. c. Bacon and Descartes promoted rational and scientific thinking. d. Many people still believed in magic, alchemy, and astrology. ART: Baroque/Mannerist Spanish [El Greco, Velazquez] Dutch [Rembrandt] French [rococo] Neoclassical Locke – tabula rasa Deism Age of Kings The 5 characteristics of the modern state monopoly on force supremacy of the national government [centralization] a nationalized economy nationalism [civil religion] bureaucracy [instead of delegating power to local nobles] Balance of power Parliamentary powers [APE 2.1 iib] The Dutch developed an oligarchy of urban gentry [wealthy merchants] and rural nobles. William III (prince of Orange) Anglo-Dutch Wars [1630s-80s] ENGLAND House of Hanover [George I, II, III] The role, structure, and function of 18th century Parliament P.M. Walpole (under Hanover dynasty, George I and II)…Whigs & Tories Absolutism/ great powers [APE 2.1 ia] Absolute monarchies limited the nobility’s participation in government, but preserved noble status and privilege. The French [APE 2.1 ib] Richelieu, Louis XIV and Louis’ finance minister Colbert extended the power of the central state. Louis XIII and Richelieu Mazarin War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713), results for House of Bourbon [APE 2.1 iiic,d] Louis XIV’s wars provoked an anti-French alliance…and the resulting Anglo-French rivalry led to world wars fought in Europe, the Americas, India, and at sea with Britain becoming the dominant power by the latter 18th century. Louis XIV Versailles the Fronde Intendants Revocation of Edict of Nantes (fate of Huguenots) Louis XV Resurgence of Fr. aristocracy …ancien regime East and central Europe [APE 2.1 iiia] After 1648, the Prussians became powerful in the northern part of the Holy Roman Empire and the Austrians were forced to focus eastward…[APE 2.1 iiib]…and after defeating the Turks at Vienna (1683) the Ottomans began to decline. Rising powers of east and central Europe (Austria, Prussia, Russia) Austria - Three parts of Hapsburg Austrian Empire and relationship to each other and Hapsburgs; Multiethnic nature of empire War of Austrian Succession 1740-48 Maria Theresa Prussia Junkers, burghers Frederick II (the Great) Russia Growth of Russia eastward Ivan IV (the Terrible) Time of Troubles and triumph of Romanovs Serfdom Cossacks & Tartars Peter the Great [APE 2.1 ie] Peter westernized & transformed Russia… process continued by Catherine. Reforms inside Russia / westernization Table of ranks [controlling nobles] Procurator of the Holy Synod [controlling church] Great Northern War St. Petersburg Catherine the Great Attempts at reform Pugachev’s revolt…and consequences [APE 2.1 ic] In the 18th century, some monarchs [Frederick the Great, Maria Theresa and Joseph II of Austria, Catherine the Great] experimented with ‘enlightened absolutism’]. [APE 2.3 ivc] There was some increased toleration for religious minorities, including Jews. (aka: Enlightened despots) [APE 2.1 id] The inability of Poland to have authority over the nobility led to the 3 divisions of Poland [1773, 93,95] – it disappeared. Wars of trade and colonization Rise and fall of Spain 1500-1648 Rise and fall of Dutch 1600-1670s Anglo-French dominance and rivalry [mid-1600s-1815] Seven Years War 1756-63 Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 Battle of Quebec PM William Pitt the Elder The war in India; Plassey 1763 Treaty of Paris Enlightenment [18c] [APE 2.3 ia] Europeans began to apply empiricism, mathematics, and skepticism to human affairs. Intellectuals [Voltaire, Diderot] of the French Enlightenment aimed to replace faith in Christianity with faith in human reason and classical values. [APE 2.3 ib, 2.3iiia] Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau developed new theories of politics based on the idea of natural rights. People were conceived of as driven by self interest and reason leading to the theory of the social contract replacing divine right or tradition as the basis of government. state of nature Thomas Hobbes Leviathan John Locke 2d Treatise on Gov’t. Baron d’Montesquieu Enlightened despotism French Enlightenment Philosophes Diderot Voltaire Condorcet Anticlericalism Deism [APE 2.3 iia-c] Salons, coffeehouses, academies, the Masons, and the press spread Enlightenment ideas, despite censorship. Increasing amounts of newspapers and new books (Diderot’s Encyclopedia or the Encyclopedia Britannica) made science, literature, and popular culture more widespread. [APE 2.3 iva-b] Some intellectuals embraced deism, skepticism, or atheism (Hume, Holbach, the Marquis d’Sade). Religion was increasingly viewed as a private matter. The Scottish Enlightenment “moral philosophy” Common or moral sense Frances Hutcheson, Adam Smith and empathy Rousseau – Confessions, Social Contract general will [APE 2.3 ic] Enlightenment intellectuals [Rousseau, for example] did not apply equality to women, though women writers [Olympie de Gouges] challenged inequality. [APE 2.3 via] Rousseau challenged reliance on reason and emphasized the rile of emotions [will] in the moral improvement of society. The American Revolution Causes and Effects on Europe, esp. English & French French role [APE 2.3 iiic] Mercantilism was challenged by ideas about the free market [capitalism]. John Wesley & “Methodists” - social justice [APE 2.3 vb] Art reflected Enlightenment [neoclassicism] and civic themes [Jacques Louis David.] French Revolution (1789-1799) [APE 2.1iv] The French Revolution is the major turning point that challenged European political and social order. [APE 2.1iva] It was caused by long term political inequality, Enlightenment ideas, and an immediate fiscal and leadership crisis in France. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette CAUSES libertie, egalitie, fraternitie Conditions on the eve of Revolution [the ancient regime] 3 Estates and structure of Estates General Why Louis XVI had failed to reform Sans culottes Phases of the French Revolution NATIONAL ASSEMBLY [Age of Montesquieu] [APE 2.1ivb] The first phase was a constitutional monarchy that increased popular participation, took over the church, and abolished noble privilege. Lafayette Bastille Abbe Sieyes What is the 3d Estate? Tennis Court Oath Great Fear Olympie deGouges Civil Constitution of the Clergy March of Women [the Fishwives] The Vendee (counter revolution) Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen THREATS TO THE REVOLUTION Flight to Varennes Jacobins [far left] Girondins (center left) NATIONAL CONVENTION [Age of Rousseau] [APE 2.1ivc,d] The second phase, a Jacobin Republic [led by Robespierre, Danton, Marat, and a Committee of Public Safety] instituted a reign of terror, controlled the economy, pursued de-Christianization, and crushed individual rights in the name of “republic of virtue.” Revolutionary armies invaded neighboring nations, spreading the ideals of the revolution. G. Danton, nationalized warfare Maxmillien Robespierre Marat Hebert and deChristianization Committee of Public Safety Law of Suspects Murder of Marat the Terror reaction [Thermidor] against Robespierre THE DIRECTORY [Age of Voltaire] Coup d’etat [APE 2.1ive] Women participated in the early revolution, but were restricted later on by the Jacobins and the Directory. [APE 2.1ivf] The Haitian revolution [led by Toussaint L’Ouverture] was inspired by the French revolution. [APE 2.1ivg] The revolution inspired equality and human rights, but also was heavily criticized for its violence and disregard for tradition. NAPOLEON [APE 2.1v a-c] While claiming to defend the revolution, Napoleon imposed control over Europe, eventually inspiring other Europeans to nationalistically resist the French. On one hand he continued reforms [meritocracy, Code Napoleon legal reform, education, rapprochement with the Pope] but on the other hand his secret police, censorship, and lesser status for women were not democratic. Nevertheless, his armies did spread many revolutionary ideas to all of Europe. Rise Meritocracy Code napoleon Policies [enlightened despot?] Battles and events from Egypt top Waterloo Congress of Vienna [Metternich, Castlereagh, Talleyrand, Alexander I] [APE 2.1vd] The 1815 Congress of Vienna attempted to restore a balance of power among European states and suppress further revolutionary or nationalistic uprisings.