Download The Renaissance - Grants Pass School District 7

AP European History
gphs
///
Frye
Final Exam Study Guide
A
Jan 11
18 MLK DAY
A
25 review
Review night
B
C
13
OH REVIEW
A
B
14
TEST
[obj/sa]
15
UNIT DEADLINE
C
19
A
20 review
B
C
22
B
C
27
ALL CLASSES
28
12
4E due
FINAL
[obj/sa]
26
FINAL [leq]
LAST DAY ALL
WORK
21
Terms
BACKGROUND FROM ANCIENT THROUGH THE MEDIEVAL ERA
The Greco-Roman era…
Polytheism
Socrates’ revolutionary idea of logos
Plato’s ideals & Aristotle’s particulars
Judeo-Christian ethos, legacy, worldview
Imago dei
30AD – Death of Christ
313AD – Conversion of Constantine
476 “Fall” of Rome
EARLY MIDDLE AGES [c.476-1000s]
Reconquista [711-1492]
732 – Franks win Battle of Tours vs Muslim invasion
Charlemagne
800 – Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor
the Byzantine Empire / Greek / Orthodox
Catholic church, pope
Monasteries
Men to fight, work, pray [feudal order]
Vassal / Overlord
Clergy / laymen
1066 Norman invasion of England
HIGH MIDDLE AGES [c.1100-1300s]
Canon law
Towns, currencies, Christendom
the university & the Scholastics
TEST [dbq]
NO classes
29 clerical day
Crusades – cause [Battle of Manzikert 1071] / effects
Aquinas (1200s) BIG ideas
* embracing reason, Aristotle “all truth is Gods truth”
* natural law
The disasters of the 14th century
100 Years War
Jacqueries
the Black Death, Little Ice Age
Mongols and Turks
1453 – Fall of Constantinople
Avignon/Babylonian Captivity
Great Schism [1378-1414]
John Wycliffe
Jan Hus
lay piety (Modern Devotion and Brethren of the Common Life)
STARK IDEAS
Two churches – Church of Piety / Church of Power
Syncretism - “peoples religion” [folk religion]
RENAISSANCE
Jakob Burkhardt vs. the Medievalists overall impact of Renaissance
c.1450 printing press: Gutenberg
[APE 1.1:IIA] The printing press spread VERNACULAR which helped encourage NATIONALISM.
The Italians
Humanism (Italian Renaissance)
Petrarch
[APE 1.1:IA/IB/IC] Italian Renaissance humanists [Pico della Mirandola] revived classical [Greco-Roman]
literature and language [L. Valla]. Some Italian thinkers were more secular [Machiavelli] than religious.
Humanists revived Greco-Roman texts, spread by the printing press after the 1450s and challenged the
universities and Church, moving education away from religion and toward classical texts. {This process can
be traced back to Aquinas}. This also promoted the idea of civic humanism in city states and more secular
models for behavior. {Machiavelli, Castiglione}.
Florence, Genoa, Venice, Rome as centers of trade and thus Renaissance
the Medici [Cosmio and Lorenzo] and the Quattrocento
Dante’s Divine Comedy
Castiglione’s Courtier
Thomas More Utopia
Lorenzo Valla’s exposure of the Donation of Constantine
Christine de Pisan
Pico della Mirandola
1494-98 Savonarola and the French invasion of Florence
1527 sack of Rome by Spanish mercenaries
the Borgias (Alexander VI and son Cesare)
Perspective and Renaissance art
[APE 1.1:.IIIA / IIIB] Princes, merchants and popes used art to enhance their prestige and were
PATRONS of the artists, who became more famous. Renaissance art was based on classical styles
and used new techniques like geometric perspective. They also painted using models and
themes from their own everyday life.
Michelangelo Sistine Chapel, David, Donatello, Raphael The School of Athens, Leonardo
daVinci Last Supper, Mona Lisa
Brunelleschi’s Dome
Vasari’s Lives of the Artists [artist as hero]
APE 1.2:IA, ID – New monarchs tried to centralize power by gaining a monopoly on tax
collection, organizing national armies, national law systems, and determining the religious
practice for their subjects. (Ferdinand and Isabella and the Spanish Inquisition, the Valois kings
in France [Francis I] supported by secular theorists like Machiavelli.)
The Hapsburgs
The Fuggers
Holy Roman Empire
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille
Cardinal Ximenes & the Inqusition
Northern Renaissance
APE 1.3:IA – Christian humanism (Erasmus) used Renaissance humanist methods to analyze the
Bible and improve theological reasoning, but this led to criticism of the Church and culture.
(And laid the foundation for the Reformation…)
Geopolitical situation in
Europe, 1400-1500;
MAP of EUROPE c. 1500
The Reformation Era
BACKGROUND & BEGINNING
[APE 1.3 IB] Religious pluralism – especially after the Reformation – challenged and
changed theology, religious institutions, and European culture. Reformers like Luther,
Calvin, and the Anabaptists were angered by indulgences and simony.
Problems in the Catholic church, c.1500
Luther
95 Theses [OCT 31, 1517]
Wittenberg
Translation of Bible into German
Tetzel & indulgence sales
Pope Leo X
Charles V
Diet of Worms 1521
German Peasant Revolt
5 SOLAS
Protestant beliefs (in contrast to Catholic)
Schkamaldic League [war] 1544-55
Peace of Augsburg 1555
Ulrich Zwingli
Anabaptists
Menno Simons
Calvin Institutes
TULIP, Predestination
Huguenots
John Knox, Presbyterianism
Covenant democracy in Geneva
Anglicans
William Tyndale
Henry VIII [Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn]
Act of Supremacy 1534
Seizing monasteries
“Bloody” Mary (Tudor)
Elizabeth I
(Attitude toward religion)
[APE 1.3 IIA/B/C] The Reformation saw increased state control of religion (for example the Spanish
Inquisition, and the top down control by Henry VIII and Elizabeth via the Book of Common Prayer.
But The Reformation also led to challenges against the state. Calvin and the Anabaptists refused to
subordinate church to the state. This led to conflicts between people and the state – for example the
Huguenots (France) and Puritans (England).
[APE 1.3 IC] The Catholic Reformation after the Council of Trent and led by Loyal and
the Jesuits revived the church but refused theological compromise with the Protestants.
Council of Trent
Loyola and the Jesuits
[APE 1.3 IIIA] Religious conflicts overlapped with politics and economic competition within states
and between nations. For example it intensified competition between noble families in the French
“Wars of Religion” [aka War of the Three Henrys]…
Religious wars of France
Catherine de Medici & St. Bartholomew’s Massacre (1572)
Henry Bourbon of Navarre (Henry IV)
Politiques
Edict of Nantes (1598)
[APE 1.3 IIIB] The Reformation wars…frustrated the Hapsburg attempts to restore
Catholic unity to Europe…
Phillip II of Spain [policies, role as great power in late 1500s Europe]
Lepanto (1571)
Dutch revolt (“United Provinces”)
William the Silent (of Orange)
[APE 2.1 IIB] The Dutch Republic developed an oligarchy of elites [urban merchants
and aristocrats] that promoted trade and traditional rights
Mary Queen of Scots (Stuart)
Francis Drake
Spanish Armada (1588)
[APE 1.3 IIID] A few states like the French [Edict of Nantes] or Dutch allowed limited
religious pluralism [toleration].
[APE 1.2 I A/D] The Rise of a Secular State – New concepts of secular state and law led
to changes in the state or new political institutions; [A] for example by gaining a
monopoly on tax collection, organizing national armies, national law systems, and
determining the religious practice for their subjects (Peace of Augsburg [1555 HRE],
Act of Supremacy [1534 England], Edict of Nantes [1598 France]); backed by secular
theorists like Hugo Grotius [natural law as basis of international law]
Cardinal Richelieu
30 Years War [causes, Peace of Westphalia 1648]
[APE 1.2 I B] The Peace of Westphalia [1648] marked the end of “universal
Christendom”, and accelerated the decline of the Holy Roman Empire by granting local
princes, etc. control over religion.
[APE 1.2 III A] The competition for power between kings, merchant elites, an nobles
changed political structures; for example the English Civil War’s competition between
crown and Parliament.
JAMES I
Puritans
Structure and function of Parliament (pre-Cromwell and post-Glorious Rev.)
{Lords and Commons}
CHARLES I
Illegal taxes and arrests [Star Chamber]
Long Parliament
English Civil War (1642-48)
Roundheads vs Cavaliers
Cromwell (1648-1660) & The Commonwealth
The Rump
Levelers
[APE 2.1 IIA] The outcome of the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution asserted
the rights of Parliament, protecting some rights of the nobles and elite commoners
[gentry].
The Restoration era…
CHARLES II “Merry monarch”
Plague, Fire, and Academy
JAMES II and the Glorious Revolution (1688)
William (III, Orange) and Mary
Bill of Rights, 1689
Act of Toleration, 1690
Battle of the Boyne, 1690
Fate of Ireland in the 1600s
[APE 1.5] The Reformation affected social customs…
Usury legalized
..and raised debate about family roles [APE 1.5IVB]
…women preachers and education
Age of Discovery
[APE 1.4 ia-b] European nations were driven by commercial and religious motives to
explore and colonize. European states sought gold, spices, and luxury goods. The rise of
mercantilism gave the state a key role in promoting global commerce and colonies.
[APE 1.4 ic] Christianity inspired some explorers and missionaries; it was also used to
justify conquest.
[APE 1.4ii]Advances in navigation, maps, and military technology made overseas
empires possible. [For example: compass, lateen sails, guns].
[APE 1.4iii a-d] Europeans established overseas empires and trade networks through
war and/or negotiation including…
A. The Portuguese established a maritime empire from Africa to Asia, as well as Brazil.
B. The Spanish became the dominant power in the 1500s with colonies in the Americas.
C. France, England, and the Netherlands competed with and surpassed Spain and
Portugal by the 1600s.
D. These conflicts led to war.
CAUSE / EFFECT / IMPACT of Portuguese maritime empire / golden age [1400s-1580]
Vasco daGama
Cabral and Brazil
Treaty of Tordesillas
MERCANTILISM
Columbus and the Spanish conquest of the New World
Spanish empire
Conquistadores
Commercial Revolution - CAUSES
East India Companies
New world slavery
Bubbles [Dutch tulips, South Sea, Mississippi]
Globalization of trade
[APE 1.4 iv a-c] COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE [see John Green video on this for review!]
[APE 1.5] Economic change changed society
* Cities grew; but these cities became places of crime and social disruption (like
the Gin issues in London).
* A money economy replaced a barter economy
* Commercial innovations changed global finance (Bank of Amsterdam, Dutch
East India Co., British East India Co.)
* A new economic elite – commoners with money – arose. (EX: Gentry in
England, nobles of the robe in France.)
* Agriculture shifted from renting to managed plantations; land was fenced
[enclosure] and rural poor were kicked out. They either worked in cottage
weaving or emigrated to cities.
* In the east, serfdom increased; in the west, peasants became free.
* This all occurred during rapid population growth.
Scientific Revolution [17c]
Montaigne Essays
F. Bacon
R. Descartes Discourse on Method
Cogito ergo sum
Cartesian dualism
Inductive thinking
Deductive thinking
Empiricism
Skepticism
Vesalius
Wm. Harvey
Pre-Copernican cosmography
Copernicus
Tycho Brahe
Johannes Kepler
Galileo
Isaac Newton
significance of Royal Academies
changes in laws of evidence
changes in historiography
[APE 1.1iva-d] New ideas in science based on observation, experimentation and math
challenged classical/traditional views of the cosmos, nature, and humanity.
a. Heliocentrism: Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton made discoveries that
questioned accepted views.
b. New ideas about medicine (Vesalius, Harvey) challenged Galen’s old theory of
humors.
c. Bacon and Descartes promoted rational and scientific thinking.
d. Many people still believed in magic, alchemy, and astrology.
ART: Baroque/Mannerist
Spanish [El Greco, Velazquez]
Dutch [Rembrandt]
French [rococo]
Neoclassical
Locke – tabula rasa
Deism
Age of Kings
The 5 characteristics of the modern state
monopoly on force
supremacy of the national government [centralization]
a nationalized economy
nationalism [civil religion]
bureaucracy [instead of delegating power to local nobles]
Balance of power
Parliamentary powers
[APE 2.1 iib] The Dutch developed an oligarchy of urban gentry [wealthy merchants]
and rural nobles.
William III (prince of Orange)
Anglo-Dutch Wars [1630s-80s]
ENGLAND
House of Hanover [George I, II, III]
The role, structure, and function of 18th century Parliament P.M. Walpole (under Hanover
dynasty, George I and II)…Whigs & Tories
Absolutism/ great powers
[APE 2.1 ia] Absolute monarchies limited the nobility’s participation in government,
but preserved noble status and privilege.
The French
[APE 2.1 ib] Richelieu, Louis XIV and Louis’ finance minister Colbert extended the
power of the central state.
Louis XIII and Richelieu
Mazarin
War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713), results for House of Bourbon
[APE 2.1 iiic,d] Louis XIV’s wars provoked an anti-French alliance…and the resulting
Anglo-French rivalry led to world wars fought in Europe, the Americas, India, and at
sea with Britain becoming the dominant power by the latter 18th century.
Louis XIV
Versailles
the Fronde
Intendants
Revocation of Edict of Nantes (fate of Huguenots)
Louis XV Resurgence of Fr. aristocracy …ancien regime
East and central Europe
[APE 2.1 iiia] After 1648, the Prussians became powerful in the northern part of the
Holy Roman Empire and the Austrians were forced to focus eastward…[APE 2.1
iiib]…and after defeating the Turks at Vienna (1683) the Ottomans began to decline.
Rising powers of east and central Europe (Austria, Prussia, Russia)
Austria - Three parts of Hapsburg Austrian Empire and relationship to each other and
Hapsburgs; Multiethnic nature of empire
War of Austrian Succession 1740-48
Maria Theresa
Prussia
Junkers, burghers
Frederick II (the Great)
Russia
Growth of Russia eastward
Ivan IV (the Terrible)
Time of Troubles and triumph of Romanovs
Serfdom
Cossacks & Tartars
Peter the Great
[APE 2.1 ie] Peter westernized & transformed Russia… process continued by Catherine.
Reforms inside Russia / westernization
Table of ranks [controlling nobles]
Procurator of the Holy Synod [controlling church]
Great Northern War
St. Petersburg
Catherine the Great
Attempts at reform
Pugachev’s revolt…and consequences
[APE 2.1 ic] In the 18th century, some monarchs [Frederick the Great, Maria Theresa
and Joseph II of Austria, Catherine the Great] experimented with ‘enlightened
absolutism’]. [APE 2.3 ivc] There was some increased toleration for religious minorities,
including Jews. (aka: Enlightened despots)
[APE 2.1 id] The inability of Poland to have authority over the nobility led to the 3
divisions of Poland [1773, 93,95] – it disappeared.
Wars of trade and colonization
Rise and fall of Spain 1500-1648
Rise and fall of Dutch 1600-1670s
Anglo-French dominance and rivalry [mid-1600s-1815]
Seven Years War 1756-63
Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
Battle of Quebec
PM William Pitt the Elder
The war in India; Plassey
1763 Treaty of Paris
Enlightenment [18c]
[APE 2.3 ia] Europeans began to apply empiricism, mathematics, and skepticism to
human affairs. Intellectuals [Voltaire, Diderot] of the French Enlightenment aimed to
replace faith in Christianity with faith in human reason and classical values.
[APE 2.3 ib, 2.3iiia] Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau developed new theories of politics
based on the idea of natural rights. People were conceived of as driven by self interest
and reason leading to the theory of the social contract replacing divine right or
tradition as the basis of government.
state of nature
Thomas Hobbes Leviathan
John Locke 2d Treatise on Gov’t.
Baron d’Montesquieu
Enlightened despotism
French Enlightenment
Philosophes
Diderot
Voltaire
Condorcet
Anticlericalism
Deism
[APE 2.3 iia-c] Salons, coffeehouses, academies, the Masons, and the press spread
Enlightenment ideas, despite censorship. Increasing amounts of newspapers and new
books (Diderot’s Encyclopedia or the Encyclopedia Britannica) made science, literature,
and popular culture more widespread.
[APE 2.3 iva-b] Some intellectuals embraced deism, skepticism, or atheism (Hume,
Holbach, the Marquis d’Sade). Religion was increasingly viewed as a private matter.
The Scottish Enlightenment “moral philosophy”
Common or moral sense
Frances Hutcheson, Adam Smith and empathy
Rousseau – Confessions, Social Contract
general will
[APE 2.3 ic] Enlightenment intellectuals [Rousseau, for example] did not apply equality
to women, though women writers [Olympie de Gouges] challenged inequality.
[APE 2.3 via] Rousseau challenged reliance on reason and emphasized the rile of
emotions [will] in the moral improvement of society.
The American Revolution
Causes and Effects on Europe, esp. English & French
French role
[APE 2.3 iiic] Mercantilism was challenged by ideas about the free market [capitalism].
John Wesley & “Methodists” - social justice
[APE 2.3 vb] Art reflected Enlightenment [neoclassicism] and civic themes [Jacques
Louis David.]
French Revolution (1789-1799)
[APE 2.1iv] The French Revolution is the major turning point that challenged European
political and social order.
[APE 2.1iva] It was caused by long term political inequality, Enlightenment ideas, and
an immediate fiscal and leadership crisis in France.
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
CAUSES
libertie, egalitie, fraternitie
Conditions on the eve of Revolution [the ancient regime]
3 Estates and structure of Estates General
Why Louis XVI had failed to reform
Sans culottes
Phases of the French Revolution
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY [Age of Montesquieu]
[APE 2.1ivb] The first phase was a constitutional monarchy that increased popular
participation, took over the church, and abolished noble privilege.
Lafayette
Bastille
Abbe Sieyes What is the 3d Estate?
Tennis Court Oath
Great Fear
Olympie deGouges
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
March of Women [the Fishwives]
The Vendee (counter revolution)
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
THREATS TO THE REVOLUTION
Flight to Varennes
Jacobins [far left]
Girondins (center left)
NATIONAL CONVENTION [Age of Rousseau]
[APE 2.1ivc,d] The second phase, a Jacobin Republic [led by Robespierre, Danton,
Marat, and a Committee of Public Safety] instituted a reign of terror, controlled the
economy, pursued de-Christianization, and crushed individual rights in the name of
“republic of virtue.” Revolutionary armies invaded neighboring nations, spreading the
ideals of the revolution.
G. Danton, nationalized warfare
Maxmillien Robespierre
Marat
Hebert and deChristianization
Committee of Public Safety
Law of Suspects
Murder of Marat
the Terror
reaction [Thermidor] against Robespierre
THE DIRECTORY [Age of Voltaire]
Coup d’etat
[APE 2.1ive] Women participated in the early revolution, but were restricted later on
by the Jacobins and the Directory.
[APE 2.1ivf] The Haitian revolution [led by Toussaint L’Ouverture] was inspired by the
French revolution.
[APE 2.1ivg] The revolution inspired equality and human rights, but also was heavily
criticized for its violence and disregard for tradition.
NAPOLEON
[APE 2.1v a-c] While claiming to defend the revolution, Napoleon imposed control
over Europe, eventually inspiring other Europeans to nationalistically resist the French.
On one hand he continued reforms [meritocracy, Code Napoleon legal reform,
education, rapprochement with the Pope] but on the other hand his secret police,
censorship, and lesser status for women were not democratic. Nevertheless, his armies
did spread many revolutionary ideas to all of Europe.
Rise
Meritocracy
Code napoleon
Policies [enlightened despot?]
Battles and events from Egypt top Waterloo
Congress of Vienna [Metternich, Castlereagh, Talleyrand, Alexander I]
[APE 2.1vd] The 1815 Congress of Vienna attempted to restore a balance of power
among European states and suppress further revolutionary or nationalistic uprisings.