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Monday: 5-9 What issues were the Union facing during the 1st two years of the Civil War? – Union leadership was inconsistent at best – The Union hadn’t fully established the right person to be in charge of their military – McDowell, McClellan, Burnside, and Hooker had all attempted to dominate in the Eastern theatre – In the western theatre, Ulysses S. Grant was fairly successful – Not everyone liked Grant though… What issues were the Union facing during the 1st two years of the Civil War? – The Union was facing the awesome leadership of Robert E. Lee – Lee was probably the greatest general in the Civil War – He left for the Confederacy when his home state of Virginia seceded – Lack of leadership meant the Union was struggling – They instituted a draft to keep their army numbers high enough (so did the Confederacy) – A draft is essentially obligatory military service with very few exception made How did the western theatre influence the Union Army? – Battle of Shiloh was a two day battle in Tennessee – Union army was led by General Ulysses S. Grant and Don Carlos Buell and the Confederate army was led by Albert Sydney Johnston – Grant’s army fought valiantly and would not back down to Confederate forces – Despite ridiculously heavy casualties on each side – Grant received a reputation as a leader who would keep fighting in adverse circumstances General Ulysses S. Grant One of those nifty photographs that is actually FROM the Civil War How did the western theatre influence the Union Army? – Grant’s decisive behavior, waiting for Buell to reinforce his troops, meant that the Union walked away with a huge victory – Lincoln recognized that Grant might be the General he needed, and put him entirely in charge of the western theatre of the Civil War What happened in the eastern theatre of the Civil War? – The Battle of Chancellorsville was another major battle in the eastern theatre occurring from April 30–May 6, 1863 – General Joseph Hooker led the Union army against Confederate leader Robert E. Lee – It was a massively successful battle for the Confederacy – Stonewall Jackson was mortally wounded during the battle and would end up dying – Something that would impact the Confederate Army for the remainder of the war Battle of Chancellorsville, 1863 How was the Siege of Vicksburg a sign of what was to come for the Union? – It was the culmination of a long land and naval campaign by Union forces to capture a key strategic position – Capturing Vicksburg would sever the Trans-Mississippi Confederacy from that east of the Mississippi River – It would open the river to Northern traffic along its entire length – It was ANOTHER key victory for General Grant and the Union army in the west Siege of Vicksburg Led by Union army General Grant Tuesday 5-10 Why did Robert E. Lee decide to invade the North? – In the wake of victory at Chancellorsville, Robert E. Lee decided to try to invade the Union for a 2nd time – Lee wanted to take pressure off of southern farms in the Shenandoah Valley – Feeding people is always important – Lee knew a victory on northern soil would put political pressure on President Lincoln to negotiate an end to the war – Lee also knew that a victory in the northern states might get the Confederacy European allies Why did Robert E. Lee decide to invade the North? – This would be the 1st major battle since the death of Stonewall Jackson – Meaning Lee had new people in charge of his military – Lee also knew that the last time they fought in the north (Antietam), they lost horribly RIP Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson What happened during the Battle of Gettysburg? – The Battle of Gettysburg would be the largest scale battle of the Civil War – The largest battle ever fought on American soil at that – Nearly 200,000 people fought in the battle – Robert E. Lee was deep in Union territory and lacked communication with much of his military or intelligence of Union troop movements – The battle would last for 3, long, days – Ending on July 4th What happened during the Battle of Gettysburg? – After 3 days of engagement, Lee’s troops were battled and bruised and he issued a retreat to Richmond – General Meade, of the Union, would not pursue – even though he could have – And perhaps should have…hardcore criticism – Lee would offer his resignation to Jefferson Davis, but Davis refused What was the impact of the Battle of Gettysburg? – Last Confederate attempt to invade the Union – Turning point of war the Union would start winning in the eastern and western theatres – Lincoln gave his famous “Gettysburg Address” at the cemetery dedication ceremony – Civilians in Gettysburg were left to clean up the battlefield and tend to the wounded “For a number of days after the battle, amputating, nursing and cooking continued on the premises, after which the wounded were removed to the different corps hospitals. During this time many a brave and noble spirit went from its tenement, and passed to the great beyond.” Tillie Pierce July 4th, 1863 Bell Work 5-16 Describe the issues the Union was facing prior to the Battle of Gettysburg. Use specific examples or people to explain your point. Monday 5-16-16 What was the impact of the Battle of Gettysburg? – After the 3 day battle, the Union won a decisive victory in Gettysburg and forced Lee’s troops to retreat out of the North – Would be the last attempt the South made to invade the North – Over 50,000 Americans (Union and Confederacy) lost their lives at Gettysburg – In Nov. 1863, Lincoln gave his famous “Gettysburg Address” at the commemoration of the cemetery there What was the impact of the Battle of Gettysburg? – Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address” was only 2 minutes long, but it addressed the idea that the nation was fighting for the same goals as the American Revolution – The battle itself signified a turning point in the war – The Union would find leaders who would stand their ground and would put the Union in a prime position to win the war How did the tide of war shift to favor the Union? – The Union refocused their efforts toward supply lines and destroying southern infrastructure – The Battle of Chickamauga (Sept. 1863) where the Union would be forced to retreat would actually become a victory with the Battle of Chattanooga (Nov. 1863) – Grant (U) would send his commanders to repel the Confederate forces and quickly reopened supply lines to the city How did the tide of war shift to favor the Union? – Controlling northwest Georgia and southeast Tennessee would give the Union control of the majority of the western theatre – Allowing them to continue moving westward – Union general William “Tecumseh” Sherman would initiate his Atlanta campaign on his infamous “March to the Sea” What role did total warfare play in the ultimate Union victory? – Total warfare was the act of engaging civilians and civilian property in the war – Sherman essentially marched his army through Georgia burning crops, destroying supplies lines, telegraphs, etc. – It was known as Sherman’s March to the Sea What role did total warfare play in the ultimate Union victory? – This engagement in total warfare devastated the southern economy and southern moral – Sherman wanted to demonstrate that the North had the power to ruin the South if they kept fighting or they could be benevolent if they returned to the Union – It embodied warfare techniques that would be used in the World Wars and Vietnam What role did total warfare play in the ultimate Union victory? – Sherman didn’t want to be cruel; he wanted to end the war as quickly as possible – He no longer wanted to fight against pre-war friends who were in the Confederacy – Sherman wanted to end the fighting not on the battlefield Sherman’s March to the Sea