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TERMS KINGDOM ANIMALIA Symmetry Asymmetrical – no body symmetry Radial – similar parts branch out in all directions from a central line Ex: Sponges – have no true tissues Have a top and bottom side, but no front or back Ex: Cnidarians Bilateral – two similar halves on either side of the body Have dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior portions to the animal Exhibit cephalization – concentration of sensory and brain structures in the anterior end of the animal Body Cavity Based on Embryological Tissues Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm Acoelomate – body cavity absent Body Cavity Pseudocoelomate – digestive tract is not lined with mesoderm Cavity between endoderm and mesoderm Body Cavity Coelomate Cavity fully lined by mesoderm Mesoderm lines and supports the gut Nutrition and Digestion Nutrition – mainly by ingestion One or Two Openings Gastrovascular cavity – single opening for digestion and ingestion; found in cnidarians, ctenophores and flatworms Alimentary canal – two openings for digestive tract Digestive Structures Circulation Diffusion / Osmosis Diffusion – allows carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the blood and oxygen to diffuse into the blood Osmosis - Open System - A system in which the circulating fluid is not enclosed in vessels at all times; found in insects, crayfish, some mollusks, and other invertebrates. Closed System - A system that uses a continuous series of vessels of different sizes to deliver blood to body cells and return it to the heart; found in echinoderms and vertebrates. Heart Structure Number of Chambers in Vertebrate Three chambered heart – amphibians, reptiles Four chambered heart – birds, mammals Respiration Diffusion Structures Gills – an organ specialized for the exchange of gasses with water Book Lungs – in the abdomen of an arachnid, an organ for gas exchange with parallel folds that resembles the pages of a book Tracheal Tubes In insects, myriapods: one of a network or air tubes that brings air directly to the tissues Lungs – the respiratory organ where gas exchange occurs In vertebrates: tubes connect the pharynx to the lung Reproduction External / Internal Fertilization Eggs – types Amniotic Egg – embryo encased in a self-contained aquatic environment’ Amniotes – animals that produce an amnion External – the union of gametes outside the bodies of the parents, as in many fishes and amphibians Internal – fertilization in which sperm fuses with an egg inside the female’s body, as in reptiles, mammals and cartilaginous fishes Reptiles, birds, mammals Types of birth Oviparous – eggs that that hatch outside of the mothers body Most reptiles, all birds, three species of mammals Ovoviparous - eggs stored inside the mothers body and are laid right before hatching or born alive Viviparous – no shell forms around the egg, and the young are kept inside of the mother’s body until they are mature enough to be born Most mammals, a few species of lizards and snakes Water Regulation & Excretion Water Balance Removal of excess water Conservation of water Excretory Terms & Structures Flame Cells – in flatworms, a cell that collects excess body water and transfers it to the excretory system Malphigian Tubules – main excretory organs of insects; they collect body fluids and wastes and carry them to the intestine Nephridia / Metanephridia – excretory tubules that eliminate cellular waste and excess water in earthworms Water is reabsorbed by the body, and wastes leave the body in a nearly solid form Some water is reabsorbed by blood vessels Kidneys – found in vertebrates; they filter wastes from the blood while regulating water levels in the body Support Hydrostatic Skeleton – a fluid-filled cavity surrounded by muscles. The pressure of the fluid, and the action of the surrounding muscles are used to create movement Exoskeleton – the hard, external covering of some invertebrates that provides protection and support Echinoderms, cnidarians, annelids, nematodes Arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans) and shelled mollucs Endoskeleton – an internal skeleton Chordata, Echinodermata, Poriferia Nervous System Nerves – a strand of axons through which impulses travel Nerve net – a diffuse web of interconnected nerve cells in the nervous system of cnidarians Ganglion – a mass of nerve cells Cephalization – concentration of nervous tissue and sensory organs at the anterior end of an organism
