Download CHAPTER 3 BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR

CHAPTER 3
Biology and Behavior
Question:
What major areas do
biological psychologists
study?
CHAPTER 3
Biology and Behavior
Nervous
System
Endocrine
System
Major Areas of
Study for Biological
Psychologists
Environment
Heredity
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
Section 1: The Nervous System
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
Section 3: The Endocrine System
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Essential Questions: How are messages transmitted by
neurons, and what are the functions of the
peripheral nervous system?
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Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
What does the nervous system do?
 Involved in thinking, dreaming, feeling, and moving.
 Regulates internal functions.
 Affects how we react to the external world.
 When we learn a new behavior or acquire new
information, the nervous system registers the
experience and changes to accommodate it.
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Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
There are two main parts to the nervous system…
 Central nervous system.
 Brain and spinal cord.
 Peripheral nervous system.
 Nerve cells that send messages between the CNS
and the rest of the body.
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Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Neurons (nerve cells)
 100 billion.
 Send and receive messages.
 Neurons are involved in everything…
 Sensation of a pinprick, first steps, writing a poem,
past memory…
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Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
What are the components of a neuron?
1. Cell body – produces energy.
2. Dendrites – receive information.
3. Axon – send information.
 Neurons have many dendrites, but only one
axon, ranging in length from fractions of an
inch to several feet.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
The Axon
 Covered in a myelin sheath, a white fatty
substance that insulates and protects it.
 Axon terminals branch out from the end of the
axon to the synapse – a junction between the
axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites
of another neuron.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
How are messages transmitted from one neuron to another?
 Messages are sent from the axon terminals of
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one neuron to the dendrites of other neurons
 Messages travel in one direction and are
received by the dendrites and travel through
the cell body and the axon to the axon
terminals
 From there messages cross synapses to the
dendrites of other neurons HOLT, RINEHART WINSTON
AND
Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
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PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Neurotransmitters – Chemical Messengers
 Messages are sent across synapses via
neurotransmitters – chemicals stored in sacs in
the axon terminals.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Neurotransmitters – Chemical Messengers
 Dozens of types…
 Acetylcholine – control of muscles.
 Too little impairs memories.
 Dopamine – motor behavior.
 Too little causes Parkinson’s.
 Too little contributes to Schizophrenia.
 Noradrenaline – prepares the body for action.
 Serotonin – emotional arousal and sleep.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
The Central Nervous System
 Brain and spinal cord – transmit messages and
control reflexes.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
The Peripheral Nervous System
 Transmits messages between the CNS and the
rest of the body.
 Somatic Nervous System
 Transmits sensory messages – touch, pain, changes in
temperature, body position, etc.
 Automatic Nervous System (2 divisions)
 Regulates involuntary body functions – vital functions,
heartbeat, breathing, digestions, blood pressure, etc.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
The Autonomic Nervous System
 Two main divisions…
1. Sympathetic – activated when a person is going
into action (fight or flight).

Suppresses digestion, increases heart and respiration
rates, elevates blood pressure.
2. Parasympathetic – restores normal functions after
an action has occurred.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Review Question: How are messages transmitted by
neurons, and what are the functions of the
peripheral nervous system?
MESSAGE TRANSMISSION VIA NEURONS
 Messages are sent from the axon terminals of one
neuron to the dendrites of other neurons
 Messages travel in one direction and are received by
the dendrites and travel through the cell body and the
axon to the axon terminals
 From there messages cross synapses to the dendrites
of other neurons
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Review Question: How are messages transmitted by
neurons, and what are the functions of the
peripheral nervous system?
FUNCTIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Responsible for transmitting messages between the
central nervous system and all part of the body and is
made up of the somatic and autonomic nervous system
 The somatic nervous system transmits sensory
messages to the central nervous system
 The autonomic nervous system regulates the body’s
vital functions such as heartbeat and breathing
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WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Essential Question: What are the major structures of the
brain, and what is the function of each structure?
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AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
What’s really happening up there?
 Thought!
 Ancient civilizations believed that we were exactly like
animals, except our ability to feel, think creatively, analyze
things, etc. could not be explain biologically. The body was
inhabited by souls or demons.
 Our language still reflects this… “deep in one’s heart,” “to
know something by heart,” “to have a change of heart.”
 We now know that this is happening in the brain – biological
processes and psychological phenomena are linked.
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WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
3 Parts of the Brain
1. Hindbrain – vital functions.
2. Midbrain – vision and hearing.
3. Forebrain – complex functions like thought and
emotion.
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Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
The Hindbrain – vital functions.
 Medulla – vital functions such as heart rate, blood
pressure, and breathing.
 Pons – regulates body movement, attention, sleep, and
alertness.
 Cerebellum – balance and coordination.
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WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
The Midbrain – vision and hearing.
Reticular Activating System
 Runs from the hindbrain, through the midbrain, into
the forebrain.
 Important for attention, sleep, and emotional arousal.
 Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and brain activity.
 Some drugs, like alcohol, reduce the activity of this system.
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AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
The Forebrain – complex functions.
 Thalamus – transmits/relays sensory information.
 Hypothalamus – regulates body temperature, stores
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nutrients, controls emotions and behavior, hunger,
thirst, sex drive, caring for offspring, aggression, etc.
 Limbic system – learning and memory, hunger, sex
drive, aggression.
 Cerebrum – 70% of the brain. Cerebral cortex covers
it. Handles memory, language, emotions, complex
motor functions, perception, etc. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
The Cerebral Cortex – What Makes Us Unique
 Two sides, left and right, connected by the corpus
callosum.
 Information received by one side of the body is
transmitted to the opposite side of the brain.
 Separated into four lobes – some are independent,
some require interaction for certain actions.
 Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
The Cerebral Cortex – What Makes Us Unique
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WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Senses and Motor Behavior
 Occipital lobe – visual.
 Temporal lobe – hearing.
 Parietal lobe – warmth, cold, touch, and pain.
 Frontal lobe – movement.
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Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Association Areas
 These are areas that shape information into something
meaningful.
 Ex. – some neurons fire for horizontal lines, others fire for
vertical.
 Frontal lobe – brain’s “executive center,” where
problem solving and making decisions occurs
as well as retrieving memories. Does not fully
develop until around age 25.
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WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Language Abilities
 Right-handed people – language functions are in the
left hemisphere.
 Left-handed people – 1/3 in the right hemisphere.
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Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Language Abilities
 Broca’s area – frontal lobe near the motor cortex,
damage causes slow, laborious speech, simple
sentences.
 Wernicke’s area – sound and sight, damage causes
meaningless, disassociated speech.
 “Mother is away her working her work to get her better, but
when she’s looking the two boys looking the other part.
She’s working another time” (Geschwind, 1979).
 Description of a picture of two boys stealing cookies behind a
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woman’s back.
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Left vs. Right Hemispheres
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WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Methods of Studying the Brain
 Accidents – measure memory loss and function.
 Electrical Stimulation – triggers behaviors.
 Electroencephalogram (EEG) – measures activity in
areas.
 Scans – measures activity in certain areas, similar to
EEG.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Essential Question: What are the major structures of the
brain, and what is the function of each structure?
MAJOR STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN
 Hindbrain – lower part of the brain involved in many
vital functions such as heart rate, respiration and
balance
 Midbrain – includes areas that are involved in vision
and hearing
 Forebrain – front area of the brain involved in complex
functions such as thought and emotion
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AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 3: The Endocrine System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands
of the endocrine system affect the body?
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WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 3: The Endocrine System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
 Endocrine system – glands that secrete hormones into
the bloodstream.
 Hormones – stimulate growth, behavior, emotional
reactions, mood, etc.
 Hormones have specific receptor sites throughout the body
and are produced by 4 glands…
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 3: The Endocrine System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands
of the endocrine system affect the body?
HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY
1. Pituitary Gland – responsible for the secretion of
many different hormones that affect various aspects
of behavior such as the growth hormone


“Master gland” – regulates muscle, bone, and gland
growth
Growth hormone can be stimulated via injection


Prolactin – milk production
Oxytocin – stimulates labor

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Linked to maternal care for young in some mammals
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 3: The Endocrine System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands
of the endocrine system affect the body?
HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY
2. Thyroid Gland – produces thyroxin which affects
the body’s metabolism

Too little – hypothyroidism



Too much – hyperthyroidism

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Overweight
Cretisnism – stunted growth and mental retardation
Excitability, inability to sleep, and weight loss
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 3: The Endocrine System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands
of the endocrine system affect the body?
HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY
3. Adrenal Gland – the outer layer of the adrenal gland,
or cortex, secretes cortical steroids which increase
resistance to stress and promote muscle
development



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“At the kidneys”
Cause the liver to release stored energy
Produces adrenaline and noradrenaline, released by the sympathetic
nervous system, to arouse the body to deal with stressful situations
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 3: The Endocrine System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands
of the endocrine system affect the body?
HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY (continued)
4.
Testes and Ovaries – produce the hormones testosterone, estrogen, and
progesterone that play an important role in development, development of
primary and secondary sex characteristics and have psychological as well
as biological effects

Testosterone – male sex hormone


Estrogen and progesterone – female sex hormones

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Is a steroid, can be injected to enhance muscle mass, stress resistance, energy
supply, sex drive, and self esteem
Regulate cycles, PMS, optimal cognitive functioning, sex drive, feelings of wellbeing
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 3: The Endocrine System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands
of the endocrine system affect the body?
HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY
 Pituitary Gland – responsible for the secretion of
many different hormones that affect various aspects
of behavior such as the growth hormone
 Thyroid Gland – produces thyroxin which affects the
body’s metabolism
 Adrenal Gland – the outer layer of the adrenal gland,
or cortex, secretes cortical steroids which increase
resistance to stress and promote muscle development
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 3: The Endocrine System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands
of the endocrine system affect the body?
HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY (continued)
 Testes and Ovaries – produce the hormones
testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone that play an
important role in development, development of
primary and secondary sex characteristics and have
psychological as well as biological effects
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is the role of chromosomes and genes in
heredity, and how do psychologists study the
role of heredity in determining traits?
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is the role of chromosomes and genes in
heredity, and how do psychologists study the
role of heredity in determining traits?
 Heredity – transmission of characteristics from parents to
offspring
 Physical traits – height, hair texture, and eye color
 Psychological traits – shyness, leadership ability, aggressiveness, and
interests in arts and crafts
 Keep in mind that environment also plays a role
 Psychological disorders – anxiety and depression, schizophrenia,
bipolar disorder, and alcoholism
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is the role of chromosomes and genes in
heredity?
ROLE OF CHROMOSOMES AND GENES IN HEREDITY
 Genes are the basic building blocks of heredity and traits are
determined by pairs of genes
 Affect everything from blood type to intelligence
 Most normal human cells contain 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs,
which develop particular traits in an individual
 One from the mother, one from the father
 The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the male or female
sex
 Down syndrome – 47th chromosome
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is the role of chromosomes and genes in
heredity?
NATURE-NURTURE
 Nature – what people inherit
 Nurture – what a person is exposed to in life
 Most psychologists agree that both play a role, the extent of
the role is highly controversial.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: How do psychologists study the role of heredity
in determining traits?
THE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF HEREDITY
Role of heredity in studies through various types of
kinship research such as:
A. Twin Studies – a useful way to learn about nature and nurture
B. Adoptee Studies – provide ways of sorting out the effects of
nature and nurture
C. Twins Reared Apart – a way of finding out that twins reared
apart share many of the same mannerisms despite their
separation
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: How do psychologists study the role of heredity
in determining traits?
THE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF HEREDITY
Twin studies
Identical twins – share the same genetic makeup, differences
must be the result of environment
Fraternal twins – share 50 percent of genes, difference could
be genetic or environmental
Identical twins have high correlations in behaviors/emotions like
shyness, irritability, sociability, happiness, as well as psychological
disorders such as autism, substance dependence, and schizophrenia
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: How do psychologists study the role of heredity
in determining traits?
THE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF HEREDITY
Twins reared apart
Less likely than twins reared together to share common
experiences. Thus, similarities are probably due to genetics.
Psychological and personality traits such as intelligence, traditionalism,
risk avoidance, aggression, and leadership.
Mannerism such as how one sits or stands, the number and types of
jewelry that is worn.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is the role of chromosomes and genes in
heredity, and how do psychologists study the
role of heredity in determining traits?
ROLE OF CHROMOSOMES AND GENES IN HEREDITY
 Genes are the basic building blocks of heredity and
traits are determined by pairs of genes
 Most normal human cells contain 46 hormones which
develop particular traits in an individual
 The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the male
or female sex
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 3
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is the role of chromosomes and genes in
heredity, and how do psychologists study the
role of heredity in determining traits?
THE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF HEREDITY
Role of heredity in studies through various types of
kinship research such as:
A. Twin Studies – a useful way to learn about nature and nurture
B. Adoptee Studies – provide ways of sorting out the effects of
nature and nurture
C. Twins Reared Apart – a way of finding out that twins reared
apart share many of the same mannerisms despite their
separation
50
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON