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US History C-Notes Historical Inquiry Bias -causes one to feel or show an inclination or prejudice for or against someone or something Multiple Perspectives -many different viewpoints Reliability -the ability to be depended on for accuracy or honesty Corroboration -evidence that confirms or supports a statement, theory, or finding Historical Inquiry Evidence -a body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true Contextualization -to think about or provide information about the situation in which something happens Sourcing -process of evaluating a historical artifact e.g. analyzing bias, author, perspective, audience, corroboration, evidence, context, and reliability Europe Before America European Economic Conditions Population ● Sharp population decrease after the Black Death ○ Collapse of the “Feudal” System ● Quick population recovery: more that pre-Black Death ● Seeking new “frontiers” Production and Markets ● Need to find more land and resources ● European desire for entering the Indian Ocean Economy European Colonial Competition Spain ● 1492 Columbus arrival marks the beginning contact between Europe and the Americas ● Strongest European power under Philip II (1527-98) ● Spanish conquistadors explore Mesoamerica & South America ○ Destroying the Mexica/Aztec & Inca Empires ● Later colonized south & southwestern US ● Conquistadors enslaved native people & attempted to supplant their culture with catholicism European Colonial Competition con.. Britain ● Colonies originally founded by joint-stock companies, in hope of yielding a profit ● Others founded in search of religious freedom France ● Established colonies to convert native peoples to Catholicism. ● Also looking for natural resources such as gold & trading furs Netherlands ● Founded New Netherland to make money in the fur trade The Colonies Southern Colonies Generally founded by those seeking economic gain Jamestown, Virginia ● First permanent English settlement in America, settled in 1607 ● Founded by the Virginia Company of London (joint-stock company) ● Successful as a colony because of several factors ○ Tobacco as a cash crop (introduced by John Rolfe) ○ Opportunity to own land-via the headright system ○ Lack of jobs in England ● Indentured Servants: colonists brought new settlers who worked for 4-7 years in exchange for passage New England Colonies ● Not undertaken by joint-stock companies; independent ventures ● More concerned with religious freedom (Pilgrims & Puritans), but also adventurers ● Aimed to arrive near Jamestown, but arrived in New England ● First Colony: Plymouth, 1620 (Gov. Wm. Bradford) ○ Harsh winter left 44 dead out of 102 Mayflower passengers ○ Good relationship with the neighboring Wampanoag tribe ○ 1621: First Thanksgiving (Harvest Festival due to abundant crop) New England Colonies con… Massachusetts Massachusetts Bay Colony ● 1630: Puritan venture header by John Winthrop ● Religious utopia: “City Upon a Hill” ● Non-puritan elements, but religious law as a whole ○ Mandatory church ○ Church served as city-assembly ● Had own charter and was ruled by the local governor ● Great Migration brought 15,000 Puritans by 1642 ● Education: mandatory education = high literacy rate ○ 1636: Harvard College first university in America (training ministers) Middle Colonies: Pennsylvania Part of debt repayment by Charles II to Wm. Penn Sr. ● 1681: Penn’s Woods Colony (Pennsylvania) ○ Wm. Penn was a Quaker (Society of Friends): pacifists & dissenting from the Church of England ○ Relatively more liberal & open to non-members than the Puritans; open religious policy ○ Well advertised colony, wide-spread European migration (Germany, the Netherland, France, Sweden) ○ Philadelphia as the capital, designed and built by Penn. Quickly becomes the most populated city in the colonies ■ Center of much cultural & political activity Slavery Slavery started as part of indentured servitude in Jamestown ● Early indentured servants were set free after the end of their servitude terms; as tobacco & rice farming became more widespread, more laborers are needed ● 1619: Enslaved Africans first brought to Virginia ● West Africa-North America connection: “The Middle Passage” : brutal transportation conditions ● Plantations work (mainly in the south), household or urban slaves (workshops, craftsmen, etc.) ● 500,000 enslaved African Americans in colonies by 1776 Politics & Ideology Increased British Control ● ● ● “Salutary Neglect”: England regulated trade and gov’t in the colonies, but otherwise interfered as little as possible 1754: The French and Indian War -7 Years Wars ○ Part of the greater British vs. French wars ○ 1763: Treaty of Paris, the French lose most possessions i North America Proclamation of 1763 ○ ○ ● Forbade American settlements beyond the Appalachian Limited American frontier expansion 1765: The Stamp Act ○ ○ First direct tax on the American colonies Common English taxes at a lower rate ○ 1765: Stamp Act Congress (8 colonies): “No taxation without representation” Philosophical Resistance ● Americans had come to believe that the sovereignty of their government lay in colonial legislatures, not Parliament. This was the idea of “actual representation” ● They also were becoming alienated from British idea of “Virtual representation”, in which they could not vote for members of Parliament. ● Thus, Parliamentary taxation was a violation of good government Physical Resistance ● ● ● 1770: Boston Massacre: British military takeover of Massachusetts ○ Eight killed by the British 1773: The Tea Act ○ Establishing a Tea monopoly ■ The Tea Party: a cargo of tea is thrown to the sea at Boston Ports 1774: Intolerable Acts ○ Boston Port Act: limiting trade in Boston ○ Administration of Justice: British officers cannot be tried in the colonies ○ Quartering Act: Americans have to house British soldiers ○ Quebec Act 1774: increased the Quebec territory to Ohio Valley ■ Propaganda: Benjamin Franklin’s “Join or Die” snake Increased Colonial Resistance ● ● 1774:First Continental Congress ○ 12 Colonies, except Georgia ○ Asking the crown to reverse and nullify the acts ○ Granted that the parliament has to impose taxes, but asked that the colonies be represented ○ Decided to meet in 1775 if grievances are not addressed ○ Towns began organizing militias and stockpiling weapons 1775: Battles of Lexington and Concord ○ Massachusetts militia inflicted casualties on British soldiers, forced them to retreat A New Nation The Declaration of Independence ● ● May 1775: the Second Continental Congress, Philadelphia ○ Established Continental Army, led by George Washington ○ Commissioned Thomas Jefferson to write Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence ○ Basic human rights (Enlightenment ideals): grievances against George III; declaring independence ○ All signatories effectively traitors to the British Crown ○ July 4, 1776 war for independence begins The Revolutionary War ● ● ● ● ● Sept-Oct 1777: Saratoga: first major American win 1777: the British conquered Philadelphia; Congress in hiding 1778: Treaty of Alliance with France: Brings French military and arms support 1781: Siege of Yorktown, VA ○ French naval siege ○ Lord Cornwallis surrenders 1783: Treaty of Paris: American Independence ○ Lands south of the Great Lakes went to the Colonies State Constitutions after Independence ● ● ● Changes to primogeniture (first born inherits) landholding laws Many colonies stopped a state supported church Republican ideas emerge ○ Enlightenment ideas ■ Government’s role is to secure the rights of the people ■ Gets its power from the consent of the people ○ Weak government ■ Weak governor ■ Frequent election for the legislature ■ Moving the capitals to smaller cities to stop the concentration of power Articles of Confederation ● ● ● ● First Plan of government for the newly independent states; established an alliance between the “brotherhood of states.” Reflected a fear of a strong central government (federal government) and states’ desire for sovereignty Successes ○ Fought and won Revolutionary War ○ Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Failures ○ Congress could not levy taxes ○ No national executive or judiciary ○ 9 of 13 states needed to pass legislation • • • • • • • • – • – – • – – • – • – – • • • – – • • – – • • • –