Download the human body

Karen Storey
Kernersville Middle School
North Carolina
7th Grade Science
October 13, 2014
• Living systems have the following level of
organization—cells, tissues, organs, and organ
systems. (Remember: the cell is the basic unit of life).
• Within these systems, interactions between
components occur. (For example: In the
Cardiovascular System, the heart helps to regulate
blood flow throughout the body.
• So what is the primary purpose of the cardiovascular
system? T0 carry oxygen and nutrients to the cells and
carry carbon dioxide and waste away from the cells.)
•The human body has a set of systems which regulate
the internal environment and strives to give our cells
the necessary conditions they need to function.
• These systems are made up of organs; each organ
system functions in the human body and works in
cooperation with other systems to benefit the entire
organism.
•The body’s integumentary, muscular, skeletal, circulatory,
digestive, respiratory, excretory, reproductive, and urinary
systems work in combination to supply all cells with what
they need to function properly to keep the body in balance
with its environment.
•Body systems work together in maintaining a constant
internal environment. This balance is called
HOMEOSTASIS. When this balance is disrupted, the body
systems may not function properly, and human health can
suffer.
•All human body systems are interdependent on the other
systems.
•Can you name 10 body parts that have only 3 letters?
•Can you name 5 body parts that are above the neck?
•Can you name 5 body parts that are below the neck and
above your stomach?
•How are the parts you have named interdependent on each
other?
•Question: “What would happen if one system of the
human body were to fail or stop working?”
•When one body system is compromised, it tends to
affect other body systems too.
•Question: What body systems would be affected if
you had a cold?
•Question: How would these systems affect each
other?
•Write a paragraph right now in your science journal,
listing all the body systems that would be affected if you
were to break a bone. (HINT: Think of at least 3 different
systems that may be affected.)
• How are these 3 systems interdependent on each other?
Watch this video and learn more 
•http://www.brainpop.com/science/diversityoflife/humanbody
•The skeleton system provides the support for movement
and protection of internal organs.
•The muscular system creates the force that enables your
body to move and carries out different functions related to
movement.
•The integumentary system is composed of the largest
organ in your body, your skin, which protects your body
against disease, helps regulate your body temperature,
eliminate waste, and produces vitamin D.
• QUESTION: How does your skin eliminate waste
materials from your body?
•QUESTION: How does your skin protect you from the
environment?
•QUESTION: What are 4 simple habits you can do daily to
protect your skin?
The human skeleton consists of 206 bones. These bones
support your body and allow you to move. Bones contain a lot
of calcium (an element found in milk, broccoli, and other
foods). Bones manufacture blood cells and store
important minerals.
The longest bone in the human body is the femur (thigh
bone).
The smallest bone is the stirrup bone (inside the ear).
Each hand has 26 bones in it. Your nose and ears are not
made of bone; they are made of cartilage, a flexible
substance that is not as hard as bone.
Joints: Bones are connected to other bones at joints.
There are many different types of joints: fixed joints (such as
in the skull, which is made up of many bones), hinged joints
(such as in the fingers and toes), and ball-and-socket joints
(such as the shoulders and hips).
Differences in males and females: Males and females have
slightly different skeletons, including a different elbow angle.
Males have slightly thicker and longer legs and arms; females
have a wider pelvis and a larger space within the pelvis,
(through which babies travel when they are born.)
Smooth muscles such as those in the intestines, appear to be
smooth. They are involuntary, which means they cannot be
controlled. They do not react or tire quickly.
Skeletal muscles attach to bones. They allow us to move and
lift things. Skeletal muscles appear to be striated or banded,
and they are voluntary, which means they only move when
you want them to. They react quickly, but also tire quickly.
Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart. It is involuntary
and is also striated. It reacts quickly and does not tire quickly.
The muscular system is an organ system that consists of
skeletal, smooth (non-striated) and cardiac muscles.
Muscles provide strength, balance, posture, movement and
heat for the body to keep warm. There are approximately 639
skeletal muscles in the human body.
The muscular system controls movement of the body,
maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body.
The muscular system in all vertebrates is controlled through
the nervous system by the spinal column.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muscles_anterior_labeled.png
•Cartilage covers the ends of
bones and is composed of
strong collagen fibers.
•Tendons are tough
connective tissues that allow
muscles to move bones. The
Achilles tendon is the largest
tendon and is located above
the heel of your foot.
•http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_voA4LI_mxzE/R1TJ7GU6UAI/AAAAA
AAAAGY/vTHA1jjusQA/s1600-R/Muscular_System.jpg
• The primary function of the circulatory system
(cardiovascular system) is to move all substances to or
from cells where they are needed or produced, responding to
changing demands.
• Remember: Our skeletal system makes our red blood cells.
The primary organ of the circulator y system is our heart.
• The body’s circulatory, respiratory, digestive and
urinary systems work in combination to supply all cells with
what they need to function properly and remove wastes .
•Your heart is about the same size as your fist.
•All the blood vessels in the body joined end to end would
stretch 62,000 miles or two and a half times around the earth.
•The heart circulates the body's blood supply about 1,000
times each day.
•The heart pumps the equivalent of 5,000 to 6,000 quarts of
blood each day.
Blood Mobile Song
•http://www2.fi.edu/exhibits/permanent/resources/heartsongMed.mpg
•http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Heart_
diagram_corrected_labels.JPG
• Oxygen-poor blood (from the body) enters the right atrium of
the heart (via veins called the inferior vena cava and the
superior vena cava).
• The blood is then pumped into the right ventricle and then
through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where the blood is
enriched with oxygen (and loses carbon dioxide).
• The oxygen-rich (oxygenated) blood is then carried back to
the left atrium of the heart via the pulmonary vein.
• The blood is then pumped to the left ventricle, then the blood
is pumped through the aorta and to the rest of the body. This
cycle is then repeated continuously.
The Lymphatic System
 The lymphatic system is a part of the circulatory system,
comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a
clear fluid called lymph (from Latin lympha “water”)
toward the heart.
 The lymphatic organs also play an important part in the
immune system. Why is this?
 Remember: The immune system protects cells from
microscopic invaders.
http://jitpartnership.com/imagepages/1104.htm
•The digestive system
breaks down your food so
all your cells can receive
nourishment.
•Whatever your body
cannot use as nourishment
gets packaged for waste
disposal.
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/D/digestive_system.html
•Chemical digestion: uses chemicals to break down the
food, occurs in the mouth or stomach, example is saliva.
•Mechanical digestion: grinds or breaks food apart, starts in
the mouth, example is chewing.
•Characteristics they have in common are: methods used for
breaking down food, helps with absorption of nutrients, both
start in the mouth, both occur in the stomach.)
Question:
•Can you name the organs of the Digestive System?
•The primary function of the respiratory system is to
control the oxygen entering and the carbon dioxide
leaving our body. We do this by breathing.
•The more oxygen in our blood the greater the amount
of energy we have.
•Organs in our respiratory system include the mouth,
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, diaphragm,
bronchi, heart, and ribs. Remember: The heart also
part of the cardiovascular system.
• To burn food for the release of energy, oxygen must be
supplied to the cells and carbon dioxide must be removed.
•The Respiratory (Pulmonary system is responsible for
taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from our cells.
• Lungs (the primary organ of the respiratory system) take in
oxygen for the combustion of food and eliminate the carbon
dioxide produced.
Question: How many lobes does each lung have?
•
Your brain is part of the central nervous system
and the control center for the body.
•
Each part of the brain is related to a specific
function. For example: The largest portion of
the brain is the cerebrum which is divided into
two halves called a right and left hemisphere.
The cerebrum (cerebral hemisphere) is
involved in all conscious functions of the body
such as interpreting things seen, heard, tasted,
smelled, touched or remembered.
•The cerebellum is the second largest portion of the brain
and its functions include fine motor coordination such as
body movement, posture, and balance.
•The final section of the brain is the brain stem which
consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain. It
controls heart rate, constriction of blood vessels, digestion
and respiration.
•The other section of the central nervous system is the spinal
cord which provides the connection between the brain and
the extremities and well as the region of the body associated
with reflex actions.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Part of the Nervous System that integrates the information
that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of
bilateral animals.
 It contains the majority of the nervous system and consists
of the brain and the spinal cord. Working with the
peripheral nervous system, the CNS controls behavior.
 In vertebrates, the brain is protected by the skull, while
the spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae.
Questions to Answer…
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How does my brain communicate with my body?
How does my body communicate with my brain?
What are neurons and how do they work?
Why are neurons important?
What happens if neurons are destroyed?
How can I protect my neurons?
What is a dendrite and what is its function?
What is an axon and what is its function?
Check out
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/cells.html
for more information on neurons.
•The endocrine and nervous systems are two control
systems that keep the body in homeostasis.
•(What is homeostasis? Do you remember???)
•Remember: Body systems work together in
maintaining a constant internal environment.
•Technology and medical advances can help us
understand how the human body functions and allow
us to make informed decisions regarding our health.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 The key components of the endocrine system are hormones
and glands.
 The endocrine system is actually a system of glands which
secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate
our body.
 These hormones helps to regulate our moods, growth,
development, tissue function, metabolism, sexual function
and reproductive processes.
 Even though lots of hormones are released into our
bloodstream every day, each type of hormone is designed to
affect only certain cells in our body.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Major glands that make up the
endocrine system:
 hypothalamus
 thymus
 pituitary gland
 thyroid
 parathyroid
 adrenal glands
 pineal body
 reproductive glands (which
include the ovaries and testes)
• The urinary system is also called the excretory system,
which produces, stores, and eliminates urine.
•The organs included in this system are the kidneys, ureters,
bladder and the urethra.
•The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that lie in the
abdomen, just behind the ribcage and close to your spine.
•Your kidneys are about the size of your fist, and are
surrounded by fat for protection and warmth.
•The urinary system disposes of dissolved waste
molecules. http://upload.wikimedia.org
• The kidneys receive their blood supply from the renal
arteries which come from the abdominal aorta. This is very
important because the kidney’s primary function is to
filter water soluble waste products from your blood.
•The kidney excretes and re-absorbs calcium, sodium, and
potassium. These elements are important to your skeletal,
muscular, integumentary, and nervous systems.
•Humans produce about 2.9 liters of urine every day.
However, medication, tobacco and alcohol can affect this.
1.
How are the excretory and the
integumentary systems similar and
different?
2. How can we protect our integumentary
system?
3. How can we protect our excretory
system?
•The reproductive system enables the organism to make
more of its kind by a process known as meiosis.
•Each human reproductive cell (gamete) has ½ the number
of chromosomes (DNA) in the sperm or egg cell. The
process by which this occurs is called meiosis.
•When the sperm and egg cell unite (fertilization) the full
number (total) of chromosomes (DNA) is restored and a
complete human being is formed (reproduced).
•ZYGOTE = union of sperm and egg cells.
•In each human body cell (somatic cell) there are 46
chromosomes (diploid).
•However, in egg or sperm cells (gamete) there are only 23
chromosomes. (haploid). Why is this?
•Cells are often referred to as the “basic unit of life”.
•Cells are specialized based upon their location in the
human body and the functions they perform.
•When somatic cells reproduce one cell (parent cell) divides
and makes 2 cells (daughter cells) that are identical. So when
your skin, heart, brain, skeletal, muscular cells reproduce,
each new daughter cell looks the same as the parent cell and
performs the same function. This process is known as
Mitosis. 1 cell with 46 chromosomes - 2 daughter cells,
each with 46 chromosomes
•Remember: Gametes (egg and sperm cells) contain ½ the
number of chromosomes (DNA). When 1 parent cell divides
it results in 4 daughter cells created, each with ½ the genetic
material (DNA). This process is known as Meiosis. 1 cell
with 46 chromosomes - 4 daughter cells, each with 23
chromosomes .
According to the World Health Organization: “Cigarette smoking
harms the body by raising cholesterol levels and blood pressure.
Smoking destroys certain vitamins and creates the need for other
specific nutrients. Research shows that smokers have an increased
risk of heart disease (including stroke, chest pain and palpitations),
cancer, emphysema, fatigue, loss of vitamins and nutrients,
premature aging, gastrointestinal disorders, osteoporosis, sinus
congestion and throat irritation. According to medical reports,
colds, flu and laryngitis last much longer for those who smoke.
Normally, saliva - which contains antioxidants - provides a
protective buffer in the lining of the mouth for the enzymes that
fight and neutralize harmful substances. New research shows that
the chemicals in tobacco smoke destroy these enzymes, leaving a
corrosive mix that damages the cells of the mouth, and can
eventually turn these cells cancerous.”
For more information on smoking and its affect on body
systems visit:
http://www.jrussellshealth.com/smokdig.html
&
http://www.jrussellshealth.com/smokteeth.html
• The human body has a set of systems, which regulate the
internal environment and strive to give our cells the necessary
conditions they need to function.
• These systems are made up of organs; each organ system
functions in the human body and works in cooperation with
other systems to benefit the entire organism.
• Remember: Different body tissues and organs are made up
of different kinds of cells. Important levels of organization for
structure and function include cells, tissues, organs, and
organ systems. (the cell being the smallest/ basic unit of life).
• Groups of specialized cells cooperate to form a tissue, such
as muscle.
• Different tissues are in turn grouped together to form larger
functional units, called organs, such as your heart or lungs.
• Organs group together to form organ systems and systems
(such as the skeletal system) group together to form
organisms.
• Each type of cell, tissue, organ, organ system has a distinct
structure and functions that serve the organism as a whole
• The urinary system (excretory system) disposes of
dissolved waste molecules (through the kidneys), and
removes solid wastes (through the intestinal tract).
• The circulatory system moves substances to or from cells
through the transportation of blood cells.
• The skeletal system provides the support for movement
and protection of internal organs .
• The muscular system creates the force that enables the
body to move.
• The reproductive system enables the organism to make
more of its kind.
• The immune system protects cells from microscopic
invaders.
• The nervous system controls body processes by using
electrical impulses via a network of nerves and the brain.
• The endocrine system uses chemical messages called
hormones, which are released into the blood to regulate many
bodily processes .
• The respiratory systems helps to burn our food to
release the energy stored in the food, by taking in oxygen for
the combustion of food and eliminating the carbon dioxide
produced.
• Remember: Body systems work together to maintain a
constant internal environment (HOMEOSTASIS) . When
this BALANCE is disrupted, the body systems may not
function properly and human health can suffer.