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Study Guide: Unit 3 Exam (Fall of the Classical Civilizations & World Outcomes [The First Empires]) Directions: Complete the study/review guide in its entirety in order to help you prepare for the Unit 3 Exam. Here is a list of some of the key terms/concepts that you may need to know for the exam (this list is by no means exclusive; it is only meant to provide you with a foundation for beginning to study for the exam): 1. Emperor/Empress 2. Han Dynasty/Yuan Dynasty 3. City-State 4. Empire 5. Direct Democracy/ Republic 6. Hellenistic Empire 7. Citizen 8. Pax Romana 9. Pax Mongolica 10. Julius Caesar 11. Silk Road 12. Roman Empire 13. Byzantine Empire 14. Octavian (Augustus) 15. Emperor Justinian & Empress Theodora 16. Fief 17. Lay Investiture 18. Pope/Patriarch 19. Priest/Clergy 20. Lord/Vassal 21. Peasant/Serf 22. Knight/Code of Chivalry 23. Primogeniture 24. Christianity 25. Great Schism 26. King 27. Manor & Manorialism 28. Cultural Diffusion 29. Feudalism (Feudal System) 30. Feudal Contract 31. Trade & TransRegional Trade 32. Excommunication 33. Pilgrimage 34. Simony 35. Tithe 36. Islam 37. Judaism/AntiSemitism 38. Pope Urban II 39. Alexius II 40. Caliph/Caliphate 41. People of the Book 42. Magna Carta 43. Kahn/Khanate 44. Mongols 45. Genghis Khan/Kublai Khan 46. Roman Catholic Church/Orthodox Christian Church 47. Crusade 48. Deos Volt 49. Jihad 50. Holy Land Basic Content Questions: 1. What is an empire? What led to a transition from civilizations to empires and how does a civilization differ from an empire? 2. How did the earliest Eurasian empires come into existence? To what extent was the creation and governing (including the use of religion) of these empires similar or different to one another? Explain. 3. How was the geography of Greece responsible for the development of independent city-states instead of a unified empire (like that of Persia)? 4. How did Rome grow from a single city to the center of a huge empire? Explain. 5. Why was the Chinese empire able to take shape so quickly, while that of the Romans took centuries? Explain. 6. Why were the Roman and Chinese empires able to enjoy long periods of relative stability and prosperity? Explain. 7. What internal and external factors contributed to the collapse of the Roman and Chinese empires? Explain. 8. What are some common factors that led to the decline/downfall of the classical age civilizations/empires (Han Dynasty [Chinese Empire], Ancient Greece [Athenian Empire], Alexander the Great [Hellenistic Empire], and Ancient Rome)? Explain the importance as to why modern societies should study and understand the common factors that led to the decline/downfall of the civilizations/empires of the classical age? 9. What is feudalism (feudal system)? How did it organize and provide structure for European Medieval society? How did feudalism & manorialism provide what was necessary for society to survive after the fall of the Western Roman Empire? 10. How did the Roman Catholic Church become one of the most powerful institutions in medieval Europe (be sure to consider excommunication, heaven, hell, and purgatory)? 11. What role did the Byzantine Empire play in preserving and expanding on the knowledge, technology, and the Greco-Roman culture of the Roman Empire? Explain. 12. To what extent was the Byzantine Empire a continuation of the Roman Empire or was it a new/different empire? Explain. 13. What factors/events led to the decline and downfall of the Byzantine Empire? Explain. 14. How did Islam spread to become the predominant religion in the Middle East? Explain. 15. Who were the people of the book? How did the Islamic faith and Islamic Caliphates/Empires treat the people of the book? Explain. 16. How did the expansion of Islam and the Islamic empires (caliphates) influence the expansion of trans-regional trade? Explain. 17. What allowed for the Mongols to be able to so easily conquer so much territory and how did the Mongols help to influence trans-regional trade in Afro-Eurasia? Explain. 18. What was the significance of the Pax Mongolica? What caused the downfall of Mongol rule? Explain. 19. Why did Pope Urban II call for the first crusade? Why were the people of Europe so willing to take up the crusade (what were their possible motivations; religious, political, economic)? 20. List and explain at least three effects that the crusades had on the development of Western Europe and the Middle East (be specific)?