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> CHAPTER 21 NORTH AFRICA NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS CHAPTER 21 – SECTION 1 QUESTIONS What landform regions are found in North Africa? What factors influence the regions climates? What natural resources does the region have? COUNTRIES North Africa includes the countries of ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ _____________ LANDFORMS __________________________________________ It is bordered by the Mediterranean on the North. Coastal plains are main landform along Mediterranean and Atlantic. Atlas Mountains begin at coastal plains from Morocco to Tunisia. The Sahara, world’s largest desert, runs south of the Atlas Mountains and coastal plains and extends across all of North Africa. <> LANDFORMS __________________________________________ __________________________________________ It is 3.5 million square miles – about the size of the U.S. – of rock and sand. Below eroded rocky ridges are basins. Basins that are covered with high, shifting seas of sand called ergs. Gravel-covered plains where the winds have blown the sand and dust away are called regs. LANDFORMS __________________________________________ Qattara Depression is a wilderness of quicksand and salt marshes. Other depressions have large dry lakebeds where rainwater collects and carves out wadis – dry streambeds that only fill with water after rain falls. CLIMATES North Africa’s Mediterranean climate areas are found along the coast. _____ climate covers most of North Africa. A rain shadow from the Atlas Mountains contributes to this arid climate. The harmattan – a hot dry wind – sweeps southward across the Sahara. Saharan ergs can cause violent sandstorms that block out sunlight for days. PLANTS AND ANIMALS Vegetation in the Sahara is limited to __________ and __________ ___________ . Plants and animals are concentrated around oases. Morocco has a great diversity of plants and animals in part due to its close proximity to Europe. Egypt has abundant bird life. NATURAL RESOURCES _____ and __________ _____ are North Africa’s most valuable __________ __________ . Oil found in all North African countries, with Libya having the greatest reserves Iron ore, lead, phosphates, and zinc are also found. Fishing off the coast of Morocco, mostly sardines. Farming is possible in good soil with irrigation. HISTORY AND CULTURE CHAPTER 21 – SECTION 2 QUESTIONS What peoples have settled in and ruled North Africa? What are the people and culture of the region like today? HISTORY The first people in North Africa were _______________ . When most of North Africa had become desert, the population moved to the coast, desert oases, wadis and the Nile River. EARLY PEOPLES Beginning about __________ , the __________ began their kingdom along the __________ __________ . Their monarchs were called pharaohs – god kings. Their writing system was called hieroglyphs. Foreigners began to control much of North Africa as Egyptian power weakened. Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans. German Vandals and the Byzantines. THE ARABS AND ISLAM In the 600s, Arab Muslim armies took over most of the territories of the Byzantines. By the 700s, they had conquered Morocco and crossed into the Iberian Peninsula of Europe (Spain and Portugal). Under _______ rule, _______ and other _______ cities became centers of ___________ culture and education. Cities like Marrakech became centers of trading. The Ottomans later took control of North Africa. COLONIALISM The __________ __________ ruled much of ________ ________ until the late _______ . France took control of Tunisia, Algeria, and part of Morocco. Spain took Northern Morocco. Great Britain took over Egypt. Berlin Conference of 1884 - 1885. INDEPENDENCE Egypt gained independence in 1922. Most other __________ __________ countries gained their __________ after __________. France fought a war try and keep Algeria. Mu’ammar Gadhafi overthrew the monarchy in Libya in 1969 and declared a socialist republic. CULTURE Nearly all people of __________ __________ are __________ or _______________ . Berbers are a cultural group that lived in North Africa before Arab armies invaded North Africa. Arabic is the official language in North Africa though all speak their own dialect. CULTURE Most North Africans live along the Mediterranean coast or in the foothills of the Atlas Mountains. In Egypt, ___ % of the population live in the _______ _______ _______ and __________ . Cairo, in the Nile Delta, is the largest urban area in North Africa, 18 million people in the metropolitan area. RELIGION Most North Africans are Muslim with very small Jewish and Christian minorities. ________ plays a major role in North African life. TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS Most North Africans wear ________ ________ ______ . Ideal for hot climates. Many women dress according to Muslim tradition. Greet each other by shaking hands and touching their hand to their heart. THE REGION TODAY CHAPTER 21 – SECTION 3 QUESTIONS What are economies and cities of North Africa like? What challenges do the people there face? ECONOMIC AND URBAN ENVIRONMENTS Issues are typical of developing countries. Controlling government spending. Keeping inflation down. Reducing restrictions on business and foreign trade. Civil unrest. Morocco has declared Tangier a free port – no taxes on goods unloaded there from other places Other North African countries are trying to strengthen trading ties with European nations. ECONOMIC ACTIVITES _____ and __________ _____ are the back bone of the ____________ and _____________ economies. Agriculture is an important part of the economy. Oil is a significant part of the Egyptian and Tunisian economies. Fellahin, Egyptian peasant farmers, make up 40% of work force. Libya imports 75% of its food. Tourism is an important economic activity. Unemployment is still high. URBAN ENVIRONMENTS Largest cities ________ , ________ , ________, ________ and ________ . Mix of modern and traditional buildings. Becoming more and more crowded with slums. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES _______________ Islamic governments. Libya and Mu’ammar Gadhafi. ______________ Desertification. Pollution from refining oil. Polluted water supplies. Construction of the the Aswan High Dam.
