Download North Africa Chapter 15 PowerPoint

North Africa Chapter 15 Section 1
Landforms
• North Africa’s landforms are shaped by
the action of four tectonic plates :
African, Arabian, Anatolian and Eurasian
plates
• Atlas Mts. – Africa’s longest mountain
range
• Desert Features
• Ergs – Sandy dune covered areas
• Regs- stony plans covered with rocky
gravel know as desert pavement
• Hamadas – flat sandstone plateaus
• Less than 10” precipitation annually
• Extreme weather patterns - range from
freezing temps to hot temps
• Cacti and drought resistant shrubs
• Only small scale farming in an oasis is
possible
Landforms – Cont.
• Ahaggar – large mountainous plateau
• Home to Mount Tahat – tallest mountain in the Sahara
• Tibesti Mountains – highest point in the Sahara
• Summit of Emi Koussi
Water Systems
• Nile River – world’s longest river (4,160 miles)
• Starts in highlands of Ethiopia and Uganda
• Nile floodwaters carries sediments that enriched the soil
• 90% of Egypt’s people live in Nile Delta or along
river on 3% of land in Egypt
• Aswan High Dam controls flooding and deposits
of rich alluvial soil
• Also provides water for agriculture and
hydroelectric power
• Lake Nasser created
Water Systems – Cont.
• Wadis – Dry river beds
• Intense flash floods during
rainstorms
• Mediterranean Sea
• Separates Africa from Europe
and Asia
• Separated from Arabian
Peninsula
• Red Sea
• Gulf of Aden
• Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula
Climate and Biomes
• Sahara – Largest hot desert in the world
• 3.5 million squares miles (0.96 times the size of USA)
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Sahel – flat plain that stretches 3,300 miles from Senegal to Sudan
Usually less than 14” rain annually
Short grasses (grazing), shrubs, some trees
Pastoralism – raising and grazing of livestock is a way of life in
Steppe regions
• Semi arid grass land spans nearly 5,000 miles south of the Sahara
and Sahel
Climates and Biomes – Cont.
• Mediterranean climate – Morocco, Tunisia, & Libya
• Winter – Cool & Rainy
• Summer – Hot & Dry
• Grow citrus fruits, olives, and grapes for exports
• Host many tourists due to favorable climate
• Agadir, Morocco – 360 days of sunshine a year attracts 2 million tourists a
year
Resources
• Region is abundant with natural resources
• Petroleum and natural gas are most abundant
• 60% of world’s known oil reserves in region, 50% of known natural
gas reserves
Resources
• Newly found gas reserves found in Gaza Strip, Egypt,
• Morocco – 2nd in phosphate production (fertilizer)
• Deposits of chromium, gold, lead,
manganese and zinc found across region
• Believed that up to 10% of worlds iron
ore may be found here
Chapter 15 Section 2 – Human
Geography
History and Government
• Ancient Egyptians
• Lived in fertile Nile River Valley
• Known for Pyramids,
hieroglyphics, mummies
• Arab Invasions – 600’s A.D.
• Leads to spread of Arab culture
and Islam
• Ottoman Empire – 1500’s
• Ends in 1918 after WWI
• Geometric boundaries do not
account for natural and cultural
features (Libya, Egypt, Algeria)
• Drawn by European colonies
and have caused conflict in
region
History & Govt
• Egypt gained independence from U.K. in 1922
• Suez Canal (important shipping lane) has made country a regional
power
• Algeria – gained Independence from France after civil war in
the mid 1900s
• Country has grown strong since 1962 independence by
developing resources
• Civil war in 1990s killed 100,000
• Libya – ind. from Italy in 1951
• 1969 coup led by Col. Muammar al-Qaddafi overthrew gov’t
History and Govt – Cont
• Independence movements – Nationalism
• Ruled by dictators
• Arab Spring
• Old dictators overthrown and new governments elected in Egypt, Libya,
Tunisia
• http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-16212447
Population Patterns
• Berbers – Indigenous peoples of N.
Africa before Arab Invasions
• Maintain non Arabic language
• Mostly farmers
• Most populous in the Atlas Mts. and
Sahara
• Nomadic Bedouins
• Herd animals where vegetation
allows
• Largest Population centers are on
Mediterranean & Atlantic Coasts as
well as Nile River Valley
• Cities – Rapid growth trouble
services and expanding
infrastructure
• Lack of jobs leads to high migration
rate
Society & Culture Today
• Nomadic cultures have
dwindled due to
abundance of
resources
• Women’s Issues &
Human Rights
• Not of great
importance
• Women do not have
equal status and
face discrimination
• Art
• Heavily influenced
by Islamic patterns
found in local
architecture
Economic Activities
• Farming – limited by lack of arable land
• Petroleum Based Economies
• Oil, Natural Gas
• Water Transportation
• Ports on Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Suez Canal
• Morocco trades with Spain, France & Italy due to location
• High rates of Unemployment, poverty, wealth inequalities and
political challenges
Chapter 15 Section 3 People
and Their Environment
• Water
• Needed for farming and growing
populations
• Places without water must import
food
• Rivers, Oases, Aquifers – saltwater
intrusion
• Desalination Plants – Saltwater into
freshwater
• Libya – Access to “Great Man-Made
River”
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=qogT-DDKHgQ
• Future – worried because of current
water usage
Human Impact
• Water Usage
• Hotels, swimming pools, golf courses – high usage
• Petroleum
• Oil spills damage to coastal areas
• Fishing
• Increased trade has lead to overfishing
• Aswan High Dam
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcJCCubSFuI
Lake Nassar – Boosted fishing industry
Hydroelectric Power
Decreased soil fertility
• Other problems
• Increased population, Fertilizer runoff, soil erosion, desertification
Addressing the Issues
• Natural Resources
• 61% of oil reserves
• 45% of Natural gas reserves
• Limited freshwater and shared Aquifers
• Shared fishing waters
• Cooperation is necessary to keep world prices of steady and prevent oil
related environmental problems, overfishing and equitable use of aquifers