Download Practice Exam #5 - El Camino College

Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 1
Oceanography 10
Name:___________________________________
Practice Exam #5
This test is worth a total of 62 pts. You will have approximately 1.5 hours to finish the test.
Write the answers into the blank spaces provided, or circle the best answers to the multiple-choice questions.
If you disagree with all, some, or parts of the answers to a multiple-choice question, please write your own
understanding or even your own answer in the exam next to the answer that you selected. (If you select the
wrong answer but add correct information, it may improve your score. However, if you select the best answer
and add incorrect information, it may lower your score.)
When answering short-answer questions, write as if you were trying to explain the concepts to a friend or
family member who has NOT taken the class: carefully explain your reasoning, and use evidence, examples,
and pictures to support your claims.
Student
Value
Score
Subject
15
10B – Deep-Sea Life
28
11A – Plate Tectonics
7
11B – Deep-Sea Sediments
10
13A – Ocean Resources
2
Identifying Elements of
the Scientific Method
Boon
62
Total
Were there any questions that you did not expect to see on the exam?
Which question or questions did you find to be the most confusing or the most misleading?
What made them confusing or misleading?
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 2
Life in the Deep Ocean (Topic 10B)
1. Compared to the surface of the ocean, are there lots of animals or very few animals life in most parts of
the deep ocean? Why are animals more abundant or less abundant in the deep ocean? (Circle 1 answer.)
● More animals than the surface, because deep water is rich in nutrients.
● More animals than the surface, because there is lots of room (space) in which to live.
● More animals than the surface, because there is lots of food.
● Fewer animals than the surface, because deep water has few nutrients.
● Fewer animals than the surface, because there is not much food.
● Fewer animals than the surface, because there is not much oxygen to breathe.
2. Many ocean animals migrate up to the surface of the ocean
and later dive back down into the deep each day.
When do they come up to the surface, during the day or at night?
What do they come to the surface to do?
Day / Night
_____________________________
Why do they come to the surface at this time? In other words, why don’t they just live at surface?
(Make sure that you discuss the conditions at the surface at this time and show how the conditions
benefit them; discussing just the benefit itself is not sufficient.)
3. Gelatinous zooplankton (“jellies”) are very rare animals in the ocean.”
True / False
4. A gelatinous (“jelly”) body is easily broken and cannot swim fast, but is has several advantages as well.
Jellies are about ________% water, so their density is (A) ____________________________________
the density of water and tend to (B) ___________________. Therefore, jellies do not have to spend a lot
of energy swimming, so they do not need as much (C) ____________________________
as other ocean animals and can live in places and survive at times when less food is available.
Jellies also have transparent bodies. How does this kind of body benefit them?
(Make sure that you relate the benefit to their body; just stating the benefit is not sufficient.)
A: much lower than , much higher than, about the same as
B: float, sink
C: food, nutrients, sunlight
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 3
5. What percentage of the dead, decaying material from
the surface of the ocean reaches the bottom of the ocean?
_________________________
Why do so little reach the bottom? What happens to the rest of it? (Circle all that apply)
● _______________________________ by bacteria
● _______________________________ by ocean water
● Has a Higher/Lower density than the deep ocean water: does not sink to the bottom
● Other:______________________________________________________________
6. “Most deep-sea animals are bioluminescent.”
True / False
7. Describe ways that ocean animals use bioluminescence to find food. Make sure that it is clear
what the animals do (how they use their bioluminescence) and how it helps them.
8. Describe ways that ocean animals use bioluminescence to defend themselves. Make sure that
it is clear what the animals do (how they use their bioluminescence) and how it helps them.
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 4
9. Why is it dangerous for deep-sea animals to use bioluminescence for reproduction?
Do deep-sea animals commonly use bioluminescence to find a mate for reproduction?
Why or why not?
● Yes, in spite of the danger.
● No, it is too dangerous.
If you answered “yes,” explain why it is necessary or so advantageous to use bioluminescence to find a
mate in the deep ocean in spite of the danger.
If you answered “no,” describe how most deep-sea animals find a mate without using bioluminescence.
10. What body color is very common among deep-ocean animals? How does this color help them hide from
animals that use bioluminescence? In other words, why can’t other deep-ocean animals see them even
when bioluminescent light shines on them?
Almost all bioluminescent light is (A)_________________________________________.
If this color of light hits one of the many (B)__________________________ deep-ocean animals,
the light will be (C)__________________________________ by the animal’s body,
so a predator looking at the animal will see the color (B)__________________________,
and therefore have difficulty seeing the animal.
A: red, yellow, blue-green
B: red, yellow, green, blue, black
C: absorbed, reflected
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 5
11. Why does water come out of hydrothermal vents?
● Convection Cell: Ocean water sinks down into cracks in the ocean floor near hydrothermal vents.
The water comes into contact with Hot Rock / Magma beneath the ocean floor,
so it gets warmer and its density gets Higher / Lower, causing the water to rise up and out of the vents.
● “Outgassing:” Hot Liquid Water / Smoke / Steam rises up from deep inside the Earth
and out of the vents because it has a Higher / Lower density than the rock of the Earth.
● Volcanoes: Hydrothermal vents are small volcanoes.
When lava comes out of the vents, Liquid Water / Smoke / Steam rises out of the lava
because it has a Higher / Lower density than the rest of the lava.
12. How and why do "chimneys" grow around hydrothermal vents?
● Animals living near the vents secrete chemicals that that harden into the chimneys.
● Chemicals in the vent water solidify when they meet cold ocean water and fall around the vents.
● Chemicals in the ocean water solidify and fall around the vents when they come into contact with
the vent water.
● Lava coming out of the ocean floor cools when it meets cold ocean water.
● Sediments sinking from the surface of the ocean pile up around the vents.
● The vent water lifts up sediments, and when they fall, the sediments pile up around the vents.
13. Do hydrothermal vents add salts (i.e., dissolved materials) to ocean water?
take salts out of ocean water? both? neither?
● Add salts
● Take out salts
● Add some salts and remove other salts
● Do not add or remove many salts
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 6
14. Describe how the food chain at hydrothermal vents differs from the food chain in most parts of the deep
ocean.
In most parts of the deep ocean, animals eat (A) ___________________________________________.
Most of the animals who live near hydrothermal vents eat (A) _____________________________
or animals that eat them.
The organisms at the bottom of the food chain at hydrothermal vents
are (A) _______________________________________. They:
● eat (A) ___________________________________________.
● make their own food using energy from chemicals like ______________________________
coming out of the hydrothermal vents.
● make their own food using energy from nutrients. Nutrients come out of the vents.
● make their own food using energy from sunlight, a process called ____________________________.
A: bacteria, benthos, chemicals, dead bodies that sink down, nutrients,
phytoplankton, seaweed, small fish, sunlight, zooplankton
15. Is the population of deep sea animals higher near hydrothermal vents than the rest of the deep ocean,
or lower? In other words, are there more animals near hydrothermal vents or fewer animals near
hydrothermal vents than in other parts of the deep ocean? Why is the population higher in this location?
16. Why was the discovery of hydrothermal vent communities so remarkable?
● Scientists did not know that living things could live in such hot water.
● Scientists did not know that chemosynthesis was possible.
● Scientists did not know that chemosynthesis could support a food chain with large animals.
● It was not much of a discovery: scientists already knew about living things
that could live in hot water and about chemosynthesis.
17. “Chemosynthetic communities are only found
where hot water leaks out of the bottom of the ocean.”
True / False
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 7
Plate Tectonics (Topic 11A)
18. Describe what is meant by a “plate” in the theory of plate tectonics.
● A plate is a convection cell in the Outer / Middle / Innermost layer of the Earth.
● A plate IS the Outer / Middle / Innermost layer of the Earth.
● A plate is a “piece” or part of Outer / Middle / Innermost layer of the Earth.
19. Circle the characteristics which best describe each layer.
Then, circle the picture which best describes the layers of the Earth, and write “lithosphere (crust)”
and “mantle” next to the appropriate arrows indicating the layers.
The lithosphere (crust) is Warmer / Cooler than the mantle, and Can Flow (“Ooze”) / Is Solid.
The mantle is Warmer / Cooler than the crust, and Can Flow (“Ooze”) / Is Solid.
Core
Core
Core
20. Describe and compare continental and oceanic lithosphere (crust).
What kind of rock is continental lithosphere (crust) made of?
________________________
What kind of rock is oceanic lithosphere (crust) made of?
________________________
How is their appearance different?
How could you tell them apart?
__________________________________________
Which has a higher density, granite or basalt?
________________________
21. The Relative Density of the Lithosphere (Crust) and the Mantle
Which has a higher density, granite or the mantle?
________________________
Which has a higher density, basalt or the mantle?
________________________
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 8
22. Observations which support the theory of plate tectonics (2 pts)
Which of the following observations are consistent with and have been used to support
the theory of plate tectonics? (Circle all that apply.)
● Fossils of identical plants & land animals are found on 2 or more continents separated by oceans.
● Fossils of tropical animals and plants are only found in the tropics.
● The layer of ocean sediments covering the ocean floor is thicker on the abyssal plains
than on the mid-ocean ridge.
● A layer of red clay is found on top of a layer of calcareous ooze on the abyssal plains.
● Most trenches are found in the middle of the ocean, far from land (continents and islands).
● The oceanic lithosphere near the mid-ocean ridge is younger than the lithosphere farther from the ridge.
● The oceanic lithosphere far from a trench is older than the lithosphere closer to the trench.
● Some kinds of rocks and mineral deposits (e.g., coal, diamonds) are found near the coast
and on opposite sides of the Atlantic ocean.
Which of the following observations about earthquakes and volcanoes have been used to support
the theory of plate tectonics? (Mark all that apply.)
Earthquakes typically occur at or near:
● the abyssal plains
● continental shelves
● continental slopes
● the mid-ocean ridge
● trenches
● The locations of earthquakes do not
support the theory of plate tectonics.
Most volcanoes are found at or near:
● the abyssal plains
● continental shelves
● continental slopes
● the mid-ocean ridge
● trenches
● The locations of volcanoes do not
support the theory of plate tectonics.
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 9
23. Where is new oceanic lithosphere (crust) being created on the ocean floor?
How or why is new crust forming?
New oceanic lithosphere (crust) is created at (A) ______________________________________.
At this location, the plates are (B) ______________________________________ which causes:
● lava from below to rise up into the gap between the plates.
The lava cools when it comes into contact with the ocean water, and hardens into solid rock.
● One Plate / Both Plates to dive down into the Earth where it (they) melt(s) into lava.
The lava rises up, cools when it comes into contact with the ocean water, and hardens into solid rock.
● One Plate / Both Plates to bend Upwards / Downwards into the Earth.
If a plate bends too much, it breaks and becomes two or more new plates.
● rock along the edges of the plates to be crushed into sediments which then solidify
into sedimentary rock due to the pressure.
● sediments on the ocean floor to fall into the gap between the plates. Heat from inside the Earth causes
the sediments to melt into lava which is then cooled by the ocean water and hardens into solid rock.
A: abyssal plains, continental shelves, continental slopes, the mid-ocean ridge, trenches
B: colliding, moving apart
24. Where is oceanic lithosphere (crust) being destroyed on the ocean floor?
How or why is crust being destroyed?
Oceanic lithosphere (crust) is destroyed at (A) ______________________________________.
At this location, the plates are (B) ______________________________________ which causes:
● lava from below to rise up into the gap between the plates and melts their edges.
● One Plate / Both Plates to dive down into the Earth where magma melts it (them).
● One Plate / Both Plates to bend Upwards / Downwards into the Earth.
If a plate bends too much, it breaks into two or more pieces.
● rock along the edges of the plates to be crushed into sediments.
● sediments on the ocean floor fall into the gap between the plates.
Heat from inside the Earth causes the sediments to melt.
A: abyssal plains, continental shelves, continental slopes, the mid-ocean ridge, trenches
B: colliding, moving apart
25. About how fast do plates of the Earth’s crust typically move?
________________________
26. “A single plate CAN be made of large amounts of BOTH continental and oceanic lithosphere.”
● True: The continental lithosphere is on top the oceanic lithosphere.
● True: The oceanic lithosphere is on top of the continental lithosphere.
● True: The continental lithosphere and oceanic lithosphere are attached side-by-side.
● False: A plate is only made of ONE kind lithosphere, NOT BOTH.
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 10
27. “The magnetic north pole is at the same spot on Earth’s surface
as the geographic or “true” north pole.”
“The magnetic north pole of the Earth has never moved.
It has always been in the same place.”
True / False
True / False
28. Why do the “plates” move? In other words, what pushes or pulls the plates? What drives plate tectonics?
● The Coriolis effect
● Magma flowing Above / Below the plates
● The Earth’s Magnetic Field
● The Moon’s Gravity
● Earthquakes
● Pushed by the Mid-Ocean Ridge
● Lava upwelling at ________________________ ● Volcanoes
● One end goes down because _______________________________ makes its density Higher / Lower
29. Sketch arrows showing the motion of magma
of the mantle into the side-view picture on
the right.
Use the shape of the ocean floor and
the rest of surface of the Earth to deduce
how the magma of the mantle is moving.
(1 pt)
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 11
30. Why is the mid-ocean ridge much higher (less deep) than the abyssal plains on either side of it?
Select one answer from the explanations listed below, and then complete the statement.
● At the mid-ocean ridge, the plates are smashing together, causing both to bend upwards.
● The mid-ocean ridge is a chain of volcanoes. As more and more lava comes out of the volcanoes,
cools, and piles up, the mid-ocean ridge grows higher and higher.
● The rock of the mid-ocean ridge floats higher in the mantle due to its density. The rock of
the mid-ocean ridge has a Higher / Lower density than the rock of the abyssal plains because
the mid-ocean ridge has More / Fewer sediments on top of it than the abyssal plains.
● The rock of the mid-ocean ridge floats higher in the mantle due to its density. The rock of
the mid-ocean ridge has a Higher / Lower density than the rock of the abyssal plains because
the mid-ocean ridge is made of Basalt / Granite while the abyssal plains are made of Basalt / Granite.
● The rock of the mid-ocean ridge floats higher in the mantle due to its density. The rock of
the mid-ocean ridge has a Higher / Lower density than the rock of the abyssal plains because
the rock of the mid-ocean ridge is Warmer / Colder rock than the rock of the abyssal plains.
31. Trenches are deep places on the ocean floor. How does the motion of plates create trenches?
● The plates are colliding at the trench, and one plate is diving beneath the other plate.
Since it is going downwards, the ocean floor gets deeper as well.
● The plates are moving apart at the trench, creating a hole or gap in the ocean floor.
● The plates are smashing together at the trench, causing both to bend downwards.
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 12
32. In the Pacific Northwest of the United States (which includes Washington, Oregon, and Northern
California), a plate made of continental lithosphere (crust) is colliding with a plate made of oceanic
lithosphere (crust). A mountain range called the Cascades is found along the edge of the continent.
Why are mountains found at this location?
Select ONE statement from the explanations listed below,
and then answer the other question(s) as directed by your choice.
● One plate dives deep into the earth, which lifts the other plate upwards. Answer question S.
● Plates smash together and some rock is lifted and some rock goes down.
The plates get thicker, but neither plate sinks deep into the earth. Answer question I.
● They are volcanoes caused by the plates smashing together,
crushing the rock along their edges into lava. Answer question I and question V.
● They are volcanoes caused by one plate diving beneath the other plate where they collide.
The diving plate melts into magma in the hot mantle. Answer question S and question V.
● They are volcanoes caused by a “hot spot”. The Hot Spot Moves / Plate Moves Over the Hot Spot,
so the magma rises up at different locations in the plate above.
Question S (Subduction)
Which plate is diving beneath the other plate? Why is this plate the one that dives into the earth? Explain.
The plate made of Continental / Oceanic / Older / Younger lithosphere dives down into the Earth
due to its density. The plate that goes down into the Earth has a Higher / Lower density than the
other plate because:
● the plate that sinks contains More / Less water than the other plate.
● the plate that sinks has More / Fewer sediments on top of it than the other plate.
● the plate that sinks is made of Basalt / Granite
while the plate that does not sink is made of Basalt / Granite.
● the plate that sinks is Thicker / Thinner than the other plate.
● the plate that sinks is Warmer / Colder than the other plate.
Question I (Isostasy)
Why doesn’t one plate sink beneath the other plate? Explain.
(Select ONE of the answers below, and complete the statement.)
● Both plates are made of Basalt / Granite, so they have the same density
and neither plate can sink down below the other one.
● Both plates are made of Basalt / Granite which has a much Higher / Lower density
than the Basalt / Granite / Mantle below them, so neither plate can sink down into the Earth.
Question V (Volcanoes)
How does the magma reach the surface?
● The magma leaks up through the nearby trench.
● The magma melts through the plate that is diving down into the Earth.
● The magma melts through the plate that is NOT diving down into the Earth.
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 13
33. South of Japan, a plate made of oceanic lithosphere (crust) is colliding with another plate made of
oceanic lithosphere (crust). An island chain called the Marianas is found along the edge of one of
the plates.
Why are islands found at this location?
Select ONE statement from the explanations listed below,
and then answer the other question(s) as directed by your choice.
● One plate dives deep into the earth, which lifts the other plate upwards. Answer question S.
● Plates smash together and some rock is lifted and some rock goes down.
The plates get thicker, but neither plate sinks deep into the earth. Answer question I.
● They are volcanoes caused by the plates smashing together,
crushing the rock along their edges into lava. Answer question I and question V.
● They are volcanoes caused by one plate diving beneath the other plate where they collide.
The diving plate melts into magma in the hot mantle. Answer question S and question V.
● They are volcanoes caused by a “hot spot”. The Hot Spot Moves / Plate Moves Over the Hot Spot,
so the magma rises up at different locations in the plate above.
Question S (Subduction)
The plate made of Older / Younger lithosphere dives down into the Earth due to its density.
The plate that goes down into the Earth has a Higher / Lower density than the other plate because:
● the plate that sinks contains More / Less water than the other plate.
● the plate that sinks has More / Fewer sediments on top of it than the other plate.
● the plate that sinks is made of Basalt / Granite
Note: There may be more than
while the plate that does not sink is made of Basalt / Granite.
one acceptable choice (bullet)
● the plate that sinks is Thicker / Thinner than the other plate.
for Question S (Subduction).
● the plate that sinks is Warmer / Colder than the other plate.
Question I (Isostasy)
Why doesn’t one plate sink beneath the other plate? Explain.
(Select ONE of the answers below, and complete the statement.)
● Both plates are made of Basalt / Granite, so they have the same density
and neither plate can sink down below the other one.
● Both plates are made of Basalt / Granite which has a much Higher / Lower density
than the Basalt / Granite / Mantle below them, so neither plate can sink down into the Earth.
Question V (Volcanoes)
How does the magma reach the surface?
● The magma leaks up through the nearby trench.
● The magma melts through the plate that is diving down into the Earth.
● The magma melts through the plate that is NOT diving down into the Earth.
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 14
34. North of India, a plate made of continental lithosphere (crust) is colliding with another plate made of
continental lithosphere (crust). A mountain range called the Himalayas is found along the edge of the
plates.
Why are mountains found at this location?
Select ONE statement from the explanations listed below,
and then answer the other question(s) as directed by your choice.
● One plate dives deep into the earth, which lifts the other plate upwards. Answer question S.
● Plates smash together and some rock is lifted and some rock goes down.
The plates get thicker, but neither plate sinks deep into the earth. Answer question I.
● They are volcanoes caused by the plates smashing together,
crushing the rock along their edges into lava. Answer question I and question V.
● They are volcanoes caused by one plate diving beneath the other plate where they collide.
The diving plate melts into magma in the hot mantle. Answer question S and question V.
● They are volcanoes caused by a “hot spot”. The Hot Spot Moves / Plate Moves Over the Hot Spot,
so the magma rises up at different locations in the plate above.
Question S (Subduction)
Which plate is diving beneath the other plate? Why is this plate the one that dives into the earth? Explain.
The plate made of Continental / Oceanic / Older / Younger lithosphere dives down into the Earth
due to its density. The plate that goes down into the Earth has a Higher / Lower density than the
other plate because:
● the plate that sinks contains More / Less water than the other plate.
● the plate that sinks has More / Fewer sediments on top of it than the other plate.
Note: There may be more than
● the plate that sinks is made of Basalt / Granite
one acceptable choice (bullet)
while the plate that does not sink is made of Basalt / Granite.
for Question S (Subduction).
● the plate that sinks is Thicker / Thinner than the other plate.
● the plate that sinks is Warmer / Colder than the other plate.
Question I (Isostasy)
Why doesn’t one plate sink beneath the other plate? Explain.
(Select ONE of the answers below, and complete the statement.)
● Both plates are made of Basalt / Granite, so they have the same density
and neither plate can sink down below the other one.
● Both plates are made of Basalt / Granite which has a much Higher / Lower density
than the Basalt / Granite / Mantle below them, so neither plate can sink down into the Earth.
Question V (Volcanoes)
How does the magma reach the surface?
● The magma leaks up through the nearby trench.
● The magma melts through the plate that is diving down into the Earth.
● The magma melts through the plate that is NOT diving down into the Earth.
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 15
35. Why is there a volcano at a “hot spot”? (Circle all that apply.)
● A blob of hot magma that rose up from deep inside the earth melts through the lithosphere.
● Plates are moving apart at the hotspot, and lava from below it coming up into the gap.
● Two plates are colliding at the hot spot; the plate that is made of Continental / Oceanic lithosphere
is diving into the Earth and melting into lava.
● Two plates are colliding at the hot spot; the plate that is made of Older / Younger lithosphere
is diving into the Earth and melting into lava.
How does an island chain form near a hot spot? Explain.
● Plates smash together; one plate dives deep into the earth, which lifts the other plate upwards.
● Plates smash together and some rock is lifted and some rock goes down.
The plates get thicker, but neither plate sinks deep into the earth.
● The islands are volcanoes caused by one plate diving beneath the other plate where they collide.
The diving plate melts into lava which rises everywhere along the edge of one of the plates.
● The islands are volcanoes caused by one plate diving beneath the other plate where they collide.
The diving plate melts into lava which rises up through the nearby trench.
● The islands are volcanoes caused by one plate diving beneath the other plate where they collide.
The diving plate melts into lava. The diving plate is moving beneath the other plate, so lava
comes up in different places.
● The islands are volcanoes that grew over the hot spot.
The hot spot moves, so the magma rises up at different locations in the plate above.
● The islands are volcanoes that grew over the hot spot.
The plate moves over the hot spot so the magma rises up at different locations in the plate above.
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 16
36. What direction is the plate labeled A
in the bird’s-eye-view map moving in?
● North
● Northeast
● Northwest
● East
N
● South
● Southeast
● Southwest
● West
A
Put an arrow in the map at A
indicating the direction of motion.
How you can tell which direction
the plate is moving is?
Mid-Ocean Ridge
(Mark 1 or more answers; your choice.)
Transform Fault
● Plates move away from ____________________________________
● Plates move parallel to ____________________________________
● Plates move towards ____________________________________
37. Place the letter “e” in places where there should be earthquakes in the map above.
Place the letter “v” in places where there should be volcanoes in the map above.
38. Give an example of a place in the world where each of the following events is occurring:
(Be as specific as you can. Listing the name of a continent or country may not be enough.)
new oceanic lithosphere (crust) is being created
oceanic lithosphere (crust) is colliding
with continental lithosphere (crust)
2 pieces of oceanic lithosphere (crust) are
colliding with one another
2 pieces of continental lithosphere (crust)
are colliding with one another
continental lithosphere (crust) has just split apart
(or is beginning to) and a new “ocean”
is beginning to form in-between
a hotspot
Trench
Land
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 17
Deep-Sea Sediments (11B)
There are 3 kinds of deep-sea sediments: calcareous ooze, red clay, and siliceous ooze.
39. Which kind of sediment are eroded from the land
and transported far out into the ocean?
____________________________
What carry this kind of sediment away from land and out into the ocean?
(a) ________________________________
(b) ________________________________
40. Which kind of sediment is composed primarily of shells
made of calcium carbonate?
____________________________
41. Which kind of sediment is composed primarily of shells
made of silica?
____________________________
42. Which kind of sediment dissolves quickly in warm ocean water
and slowly in cold water?
____________________________
43. Which kind of sediment dissolves in cold ocean water?
____________________________
44. Which kind of sediments does not dissolve in ocean water?
____________________________
45. What kind of deep-sea sediment would be most abundant
in the following places on the deep ocean floor? Why?
CaCO3
Ooze
(a) the middle of the Southern Ocean
CCD
(b) the bottom of the Mariana Trench
(c) on the Mid-Ocean Ridge between Florida and Africa
(d) on the abyssal plains (the deep, flat areas covering most of the ocean floor)
(e) west of the west coast of South America
MOR
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 18
46. Where is siliceous ooze the most common kind of sediment on the ocean floor? (Mark all that apply.)
● Beneath Upwelling Zones
● In the Middle of the Antarctic Ocean
● On the Abyssal Plains
● On Top of Shallow Seamounts (Underwater Mountains) in the Tropics
Why is siliceous ooze more common than the other sediments at the place(s) that you identified above?
More siliceous ooze reaches the bottom in these locations, because:
● it does not dissolve in ocean water.
● it does not dissolve in the Warm / Cold surface water found at these locations.
● it dissolves slowly in the Warm / Cold surface water found at these locations.
● it is erodes from the land and these locations are close to the land,
so lots would be carried to this place by (A) _________________ and (A) _________________.
● it sinks Quickly / Slowly due to its (B) ______________, so it spends little time dissolving as it sinks.
● the water is Shallow / Deep at these locations, so it spends More / Less time dissolving as it sinks.
Less calcareous ooze reaches the bottom in these locations, because:
● it dissolves in ocean water.
● it dissolves quickly in the Warm / Cold surface water found at these locations.
● it is eroded from the land. These locations are in the middle of the ocean, far from land,
so very little would be carried to these places by (A) ________________ and (A) ________________.
● it sinks Quickly / Slowly due to its (B) ____________, so it spends a lot of time dissolving as it sinks.
● the water is Shallow / Deep at these locations, so it spends More / Less time dissolving as it sinks.
Less red clay reaches the bottom in these locations, because:
● it dissolves in ocean water.
● it dissolves quickly in the Warm / Cold surface water found at these locations.
● it is eroded from the land. These locations are in the middle of the ocean, far from land,
so very little would be carried to these places by (A) ________________ and (A) ________________.
● it sinks Quickly / Slowly due to its (B) ____________, so it spends a lot of time dissolving as it sinks.
● the water is Shallow / Deep at these locations, so it spends More / Less time dissolving as it sinks..
A: Currents, Earthquakes, Tides, Waves, Winds
B: weight, high density, low density
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 19
47. Where is red clay the most common kind of sediment on the ocean floor? (Mark all that apply.)
● Beneath Upwelling Zones
● In the Middle of the Antarctic Ocean
● On the Abyssal Plains
● On Top of Shallow Seamounts (Underwater Mountains) in the Tropics
Why is red clay more common than the other sediments at the place(s) that you identified above?
More red clay reaches the bottom in these locations, because:
● it does not dissolve in ocean water.
● it does not dissolve in the Warm / Cold surface water found at these locations.
● it dissolves slowly in the Warm / Cold surface water found at these locations.
● it is erodes from the land and these locations are close to the land,
so lots would be carried to this place by (A) _________________ and (A) _________________.
● it sinks Quickly / Slowly due to its (B) ______________, so it spends little time dissolving as it sinks.
● the water is Shallow / Deep at these locations, so it spends More / Less time dissolving as it sinks.
Less calcareous ooze reaches the bottom in these locations, because:
● it dissolves in ocean water.
● it dissolves quickly in the Warm / Cold surface water found at these locations.
● it is eroded from the land. These locations are in the middle of the ocean, far from land,
so very little would be carried to these places by (A) ________________ and (A) ________________.
● it sinks Quickly / Slowly due to its (B) ____________, so it spends a lot of time dissolving as it sinks.
● the water is Shallow / Deep at these locations, so it spends More / Less time dissolving as it sinks.
Less siliceous ooze reaches the bottom in these locations, because:
● it dissolves in ocean water.
● it dissolves quickly in the Warm / Cold surface water found at these locations.
● it is eroded from the land. These locations are in the middle of the ocean, far from land,
so very little would be carried to these places by (A) ________________ and (A) ________________.
● it sinks Quickly / Slowly due to its (B) ____________, so it spends a lot of time dissolving as it sinks.
● the water is Shallow / Deep at these locations, so it spends More / Less time dissolving as it sinks..
A: Currents, Earthquakes, Tides, Waves, Winds
B: weight, high density, low density
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 20
48. Circle major benefits of collecting and studying ocean sediments. (Mark all that apply.)
● Determine how the Earth's climate changed in the past,
to help us understand how it will change in the future.
● Find new organisms living in the sediments: some are a source of chemicals for new medicines
● Help us find oil and natural gas deposits which we use to fuel our cars and power plants.
● Measure ocean currents to predict weather conditions
● Mining for precious metals (e.g., lots of gold and silver come from the ocean)
● Predict tides for shipping
49. What is a copepod?
● bacteria
● phytoplankton
● benthos: specifically, a kind of Anemone / Crustacean / Mollusk / Worm
● zooplankton: specifically, a kind of Crustacean / Jelly / Mollusk / Worm
Are copepods common in the ocean or are they very rare?
Common / Very Rare
Do copepods increase or reduce the amount of biogenous ooze on the ocean floor?
How do copepods increase or reduce the amount of biogenous ooze on the ocean floor?
(A)_______________________ sediments, because copepods’ (B) ______________________________
sink (C)___________________________ so they (D)_________________________________________.
A: more? fewer?
B: fecal pellets? shells?
C: quickly? slowly?
D: dissolve? do not dissolve much?
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 21
Ocean Resources (Topic 13A)
50. Approximately what percentage of the world’s population
lives “close” to (within about 60 miles of) the ocean?
___________
51. Which of the following statements about EEZs are true? (Class)
“According to the Law of the Sea, a country has the right to stop, board,
and inspect any ship that is travelling through its EEZ.”
True / False
“According to the Law of the Sea, a country can refuse to let
military ships from other countries pass through its EEZ.”
True / False
“According to the Law of the Sea, a country owns
all of the oil and natural gas deposits in its EEZ.”
True / False
“According to the Law of the Sea, a country can fish in another country’s EEZ.”
True / False
“According to the Law of the Sea, a country can dump wastes
(pollute the water) in another country’s EEZ.”
True / False
“The United States has extensively explored its EEZ
and has detailed knowledge of the resources that it contains.”
True / False
52. What is the most economically valuable
mineral resource that humans take from the ocean?
________________________
53. What percentage of the petroleum (oil & natural gas)
that we use today comes from the ocean?
________________________
54. Give 2 examples of non-petroleum mineral resources (in other words, you cannot say oil, natural gas, etc.)
that humans currently take from the ocean. What can they be used for? (Be specific. Give details.)
(a)
(b)
55. Give 3 examples of mineral resources that humans currently do not take from the ocean but
may take from the ocean in the future. What can they be used for? (Be specific. Give details.)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 22
56. Why might petroleum (e.g., oil & natural gas) be considered a "living" ocean resource?
● petroleum forms from the remains of once-living things that were buried in sediments
● petroleum makes our machines move (as if they were "alive")
● we can grow fuels to replace petroleum ("biofuels" like ethanol)
● without petroleum, our civilization will "die" (i.e., it keeps our civilization “alive”)
57. About how much of their protein do humans get by eating ocean organisms?
(Cite the worldwide average. People in some countries consume more or less than others.) ___________
58. Fishermen catch many fish that no one eats. What is the other major use for the worldwide catch?
● Fertilizer
● Food for pets (e.g., cats)
● Medicines
● Food for farm animals.
● Lubricating Oils
● Pizza Toppings
59. Give examples of the living resources that humans take from the ocean aside from petroleum
or organisms for food. (In other words, you cannot say “oil,” “fish,” “food,” etc.)
In other words, in what other ways are living organisms useful to us? (Be specific. Give details.
For example, describe the kind of organism and what it does, has, or makes that is useful.)
60. How do we hope to use the ocean to generate electrical power in the future? (Circle all that apply.)
● eastern boundary currents like the California Current
● growing algae (in tanks) that can be made into biofuels
● harvesting kelp to use for biofuels
● tidal currents
● waves
● wind over the ocean
● upwelling & downwelling
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 23
Identifying Elements of the Scientific Method
61. Identify which element of the scientific method each of the following statements represents.
In other words, which ones are hypotheses? Which ones are tests? Which ones are observations?
Diamond deposits are found in southern Africa and Brazil.
Students compared the shape of the east coasts of North America and
South America to the shape of the west coast of Africa.
Life began at hydrothermal vents on the bottom of the ocean.
Some bacteria can make food using chemicals like hydrogen sulfide.
Red clay is more dense than calcareous ooze.
Red clay is the most abundant kind of sediment on the deep ocean
floor because it sinks faster than calcareous ooze and siliceous ooze
due to its higher density.
Students dropped particles of red clay and calcareous and watched
them sink to determine which one sinks faster.
Practice Exam #5 (Topics 10B, 11A, 11B, & 13A) – page 24
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