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Chapter 11 Section 3 Interactions Among Living Things Adapting to the Environment • Natural Selection – a characteristic that makes an individual better suited for its environment – Survival of the Fittest • Adaptations – the results of natural selection – The behaviors and physical traits that allow organisms to live successfully in their environments Adapting to the Environment • Niche – the role of an organism in its habitat, or how it makes its living – Type of food organism eats – How it obtains its food – When and how organism reproduces – Physical conditions needed to survive Interactions • 3 Major Types – Competition – Predation – Symbiosis Competition • Definition: the struggle between organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same limited resource • If 2 species occupy the same niche, one of them will eventually die off Predation • Definition: interaction where one organism kills another organism for food • Prey = species that is being killed • Predator = species that is doing the killing • Predation can have a major effect on population size • Populations of predators and their prey rise and fall in cycles • Predator Adaptations: Predators have adaptations that help them catch and kill their prey • Prey Adaptations: Prey species have adaptations that help them reduce the chance of being caught and killed Symbiosis • Definition: a close relationship between 2 species that benefits at least 1 of them • 3 Types of Symbiotic Relationships – Mutualism – Commensalism – Parasitism Mutualism • Relationship where both species benefit is called mutualism – Example: long eared bats and saguaro Commensalism • Relationship where one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed. • Example: Hawks and Saguaro Parasitism • One organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it (but doesn’t usually kill it) • Parasite = organism that benefits • Host = organism that is harmed • Example = Tapeworms and dogs; Ticks and dogs