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Interactions Among Living Things 1. Symbiosis Symbiosis occurs when two species live together in a close long-term association. In a symbiotic relationship at least one of the organisms involved is meeting one of the basic needs for living through the relationship. Mutualism – a symbiotic relationship in which both participating species benefit. Ex: Ant & Aphid – the ant gets nutrition from the apid’s honeydew- a sugary secretion from the aphid’s body. The aphid gets protection from the ant against predatory insects like ladybugs. Commensalism – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and one is neither harmed nor helped. Ex: Epiphytes also known as “air plants” live on the bark of trees. The epiphyte gets space to live and the tree is not harmed nor does it benefit in any way. Parasitism – a relationship in which one organism feeds on and usually lives on or in another. Ex. – tape worm – a tape worm lives inside the animals intestines and gets shelter and food. The animal looses nutrition, may loose weight and become ill. 2. Predation Interaction in which one organism kills another for food. Predator – organism that hunts and kills the other organism for food Prey – organism being hunted and killed Benefits of predation: predator gets food, prey population is kept under control. Adaptations: certain adaptations help the predators catch their prey, adaptations help prey hide from predators Defense Strategies: Mimicry – pretending to be a more terrifying animal Camouflage – hiding in the surroundings, matching the environment Warning Coloring – color is a signal that the prey is poisonous False Coloring – coloring and design looks like a larger, scarier predator Protective Covering – organism protects itself with a harder outer shell or outer covering 3. Competition The struggle between organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same limited resources. There is a limited amount of food, water and shelter Organisms that survive have adaptations that enable them to reduce competition. Different species can share the same habitat and food requirements but if two species occupy the same niche, one of the species will eventually die off.