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AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Terms Johannes Gutenberg (1400-68) Christian humanism Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) Thomas a Kempis (1380-1471), Imitation of Christ indulgences simony, pluralism, nepotism Pope Leo X sola: scriptura, fide, gratia Diet of Worms (1521) predestination transubstantiation Martin Luther (1483-1546) Instit. of Christian Religion (1536) Appeal to Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520) German Peasants Revolt seven sacraments Johann Tetzel (1465-1519) Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Marburg Colloquy Thomas More (1478-1535), Utopia Henry VIII (1509-47) Thomas Cromwell Act of Supremacy (1534) Anglican Church John Calvin (1509-64) Genevan Consistory Michael Servetus Ecclesiastical Ordinances Anabaptists Munster Charles V (1519-56) Fuggers Francis I (1515-47) Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-66) Schmalkaldic Wars Habsburg-Valois Wars Peace of Augsburg (1555) St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) Reformation and Religious Wars Teresa of Avila (1515-82) Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Capuchins, Theatines, Carmelites Council of Trent (1545-63) Francis Xavier The Index Matteo Ricci Huguenots St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572) Edict of Nantes (1598) Catherine de Medici (1560-89) Guises Bourbons, Henry IV (1589-1610) Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Mary Tudor (1553-58) Act of Uniformity politiques "one king, one faith, one law" United Provinces Pacification of Ghent (1576) Twelve Years' Truce (1609) Philip II (1555-98) Spanish Armada Duke of Alba (1507-82) sea beggars William of Orange Gustavus Adolphus (1611-32) Defenstration of Prague (1618) Treaty of Westphalia (1648) sack of Magdeburg (1631) Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Thirty Years War (1618-48) Mannerism Baroque El Greco (1541-1614) Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) Michel de Montaigne (1533-92) William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616) Unit Outline The Reformation Importance: challenged the powerful institutional role of Catholic Church, divided Europe religiously, more individualism, and led to political conflict The Causes--(influenced by political develop./econ. motives) intellectual ferment--printing press (1518-25--1/3 of books by Luther) Christian humanism--spirit of reform through education, new Bibles NOTE: diff. w/Italian humanism Sir Thomas More (later beheaded)--Utopia AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 1 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars Erasmus--satirized Church abuses, called for more indiv. belief Cisneros--Polyglot Bible--"saved" Spain from Reformation abuses of Church--nepotism, simony, pluralism, indulgences Renaissance popes (Julius II, Alex. VI) Fred. III "the Wise" and Johann Tetzel Lutheran Reformation 95 Theses--for discussion, individual salvation sola fide, sola scriptura, sola gratia equality of all believers, challenge power of Pope/councils Diet of Worms (1521) Address to Christian Nobility (1520)--appeal to German nationalism Charles V's problems converts from elites (resentment of Rome) anticlericalism among burghers converts--often for national/economic reasons social and political conservatism where: Germany, Scandinavia Other Protestant reformers Zwingli (Swiss)--city/Church united, radically v. ritual/material Calvinism--Institutes of Christ. Relig. (1536)--predest., indep. congreg. where: Low Countries, Britain, France English Reformation Act of Supremacy (1534) Edward VI (reforms, comp. w/ Cath), Mary (repression), Eliz. I Anabaptists--radicals, denied secular authority, only true believers where: Germany, Bohemia, Hungary Catholic Reformation summary: reform abuses, renewed spirituality, emphasize again doctrines, fight back against Prot. New Piety--indiv. spirituality, Teresa of Avila (Carmelites) Loyola and the Jesuits (missionaries) Council of Trent (1545-63)--dominated by Pope's Ital. (refused comp. w/HRE) abolished indulgence abuses reaffirm special mark of clergy update liturgy scriptural and apostolic tradition index and Inquisition where: France, Italy, Ireland, E. Europe (Poland, Hungary, Austria) Beginning of Warfare Charles V--trying to reunite empire v. Ottoman, France, German Prots. 1555--Peace of Augsburg Religious Warfare main focus: development of secular authority of state, division of Europe into distinct nation-states (Treaty of Westphalia--1648) Nature new technology, admin., organization depth of hatred--fear of neighbors, "pollution" French Wars of Religion Calvinist inroads (10% by 1560--esp. among well-to-do) Henry II death (1559) Catherine de Medici--regent AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 2 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars dynastic instability Guises v. Bourbons Charles X sister to marry Henry of Navarre (Prot) St. Bartholomew Day's Massacre politiques and Catholic League War of Three Henrys (1588-89 Guise and Henry III assass.) settlement--Henry IV to Cath., Edict of Nantes (1598) Spain's War with Netherlands Philip II--leader of European Cath. war v. Ottomans (Lepanto--1571) Spanish Armada Burgundian inheritance social/econ. situation of provinces force Cath.----passive resistance (William of Orange) Revolt 1566--iconoclasm Duke of Alba (Council of Blood) taxes high, repression--more opp. even among Cath. settlment Pacification of Ghent (1576)--cede auth. to States-General Twelve Years' Truce (1609)--ack. indep. of United Provinces Eastern Europe Poland-Lithuania--instability and powerful nobility war w/ Russia going thru Time of Troubles Sweden--rise of int'l Prot. power effort to control Baltic trade Thirty Years War--type of war, impact on Germany, not just Cath. v. Prot. Bohemian revolt--effort to get Ferd. II as Emperor Defenstration of Prague (1618) White Mountain (1620)--defeat Fred. V and get Bohemia Cath. fear of Catholic Habsburgs--G.B., Holland, Germans, Denmark join Swedish intervene w/effort to convert Lutherans Magdeburg sacking (1631)--unite Protestant behing Gust. Adolph. died at Lutzen Spain v. France Treaty of Westphalia (1648) reaffirm Augsburg--HRE just a name Dutch independent state system Possible Multiple-Choice Questions AP European History Exam--Unit 2 1. "In conformity, therefore, to the clear doctrine of the Scripture, we assert, that by an eternal and immutable counsel, God has once for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction." The idea expressed in the above passage is most closely associated with the theological views of: a. Erasmus b. Pope Leo X c. Pico della Mirandola AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 3 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars d. John Calvin e. Ignatius Loyola 2. The Roman Catholic Council of Trent (1545-63) had as its primary result: a. a compromise with Protestants to reunite Christians b. a political compromise with the Protestant princes of Central Europe c. reform within the Catholic Church and a reaffirmation of Catholic doctrine d. the firm reestablishment of conciliar power over the papacy e. creation of a balance of power between the papacy and the heads of the Catholic states 3. A major difference between Calvinism and Lutheranism relates to: a. clerical marriage b. the place of women in society c. emphasis on predestination d. infant baptism e. monasticism 4. Advocates of northern humanism believed which of the following? a. A fusion of Christian and classical ideals provides the best definition of virtuous conduct. b. The conventions of romantic love enhance the social respect for women. c. Education and scholarship should be equally open to men and women. d. The new poetic forms, such as the sonnet, could be used to articulate their beliefs. e. Political rights should be extended to all men. 5. Which of the following is true of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden? a. He was a devout Roman Catholic. b. He was a major participant in the Thirty Years War. c. He defeated the Russian army at the battle of Borodino. d. He established Calvinism as the Swedish state religion. e. He set up an organization to mediate international disputes. 6. The Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV of France did which of the following? a. Recognized the rights of French Protestants. b. Made public the king’s conversion to Roman Catholicism. c. Settled the Bourbons on the French throne. d. Ordered the Spanish out of France. e. Announced French entry into the war between the Spanish and the Dutch. 7. Martin Luther’s response to the German Peasants’ War of 1524-25 demonstrated his: a. ignorance of the economic plight of the peasantry b. emphasis on the social aspects of Christ’s teaching c. refusal to comment on social or political issues d. belief in the necessity of a unified German state e. support of the prevailing social and political order 8. In the sixteenth century, all of the following experienced religious civil wars EXCEPT: a. Russia b. England c. the Low Countries d. France e. the German states AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 4 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars 9. Which of the following describes a major difference between northern humanists and Italian humanists? a. Italian humanists focused on human intellect and achievements, whereas northern humanists focused on nature and emotion. b. Italian humanists focused on national consciousness, whereas northern humanists rejected politics. c. Italian humanists viewed human nature as corrupt and weak, whereas northern humanists viewed human nature as generally good. d. Both concentrated on spiritual concerns, but northern humanists also focused on secular matters. e. Both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources. 10. The long-term effect of the Thirty Years War on the German states was to: a. restrict Lutheranism to southern German states b. initiate a long era of peace and recovery c. encourage unification d. devastate the German states’ economies e. increase the power of the Holy Roman Emperor 11. Martin Luther initially criticized the Roman Catholic Church on the grounds that it: a. supported priests as religious teachers b. sponsored translations of the Bible into the vernacular c. reduced the number of sacraments d. use indulgences as a fund-raising device e. formed close associations with secular rulers 12. The response of the Roman Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation included all of the following EXCEPT: a. the abolition of the Index of Prohibited Books b. the establishment of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) c. the convening of the Council of Trent d. the founding of women’s orders active in education and care for the sick e. an increased in the number of parish grammar schools 13. Which of the following was the primary cause of the Habsburg-Valois feud, which dominated European international politics in the sixteenth century? a. The differences in the religious positions taken by the two families during the Protestant Reformation. b. The refusal of Charles of Habsburg to marry a Valois princess. c. Competition for overseas colonies. d. The conflicting political ambitions of the two families. e. Clashing territorial interests in southern Germany. 14. Which of the following was NOT true of the Edict of Nantes (1598) a. It was issued by Henry IV of France. b. It allowed the practice of Protestantism in France. c. It was responsible for the St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre. d. It ended the French religious wars. e. It was accepted by the French Huguenots. AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 5 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars 15. All of the following were factors in the spread of literacy during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries EXCEPT: a. the invention of printing b. the Protestant Reformation c. the rise of state bureaucracies d. the establishment of compulsory education e. a decline in the use of Latin 16. Which of the following best describes the Christian humanism of Erasmus? a. A complete break with Roman Catholic theology b. A defense of individual interpretation of the Bible c. The application of Renaissance scholarship to questions of ecclesiastical and moral reform d. A return to the Scholastic theology of Thomas Aquinas e. A plea for a return to monasticism as the Christian ideal 17. Major Protestant and Catholic leaders of the sixteenth century condemned the Anabaptists because Anabaptists: a. rejected the Bible as a source of religious truth b. favored government enforcement of morality c. advocated the complete separation of church and state d. restored the privileges of the clergy e. tried to reconcile Protestant and Catholic teachings 18. The leadership of the Dutch revolts (1566-1648) sought all of the following EXCEPT: a. an alliance with English Catholics b. the end of the Inquisition c. the end of excessive taxation d. the elimination of the rule of foreign officials e. an alliance with French Protestants 19. Martin Luther believed that the most important role for a Christian woman was to: a. minister to the sick and poor b. preach the word of God in church on Sunday c. maintain her role within the domestic sphere as wife and mother d. lead a life devoted primarily to prayer and contemplation e. teach reading and writing in a religious school 20. John Calvin established the center of his reformed church in: a. Paris b. London c. Wittenberg d. Geneva e. Basel 21. The primary purpose of the Peace of Augsburg was to: a. end the wars between the Hapsburg and Valois b. end the civil war between the Lutherans and Roman Catholics in the German states c. end the Thirty Years' War d. create better trade relations among the German states e. facilitate diplomatic relations between the Holy Roman Empire and Ottoman Turks AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 6 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars 22. The Council of Trent (1545-63) was the major body through which: a. Spain strengthened its position against the Turks b. the house of Habsburg gained control over Italy c. the Roman Catholic Church reformed itself d. European states entered into economic cooperation e. Puritans and Catholics were reconciled 23. A major goal of Philip II (1556-98) was to: a. grant independence to the United Provinces b. obtain a divorce from Mary Tudor c. support the cause of European Catholicism d. lead a life given to pleasure and indulgence e. defeat the Spanish Armada 24. The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) won converts to Catholicism primarily through: a. torture b. education c. espionage d. military conquest e. burning books 25. The sculpture by Bernini shown above celebrates: a. a new interest in secular themes b. Lutheran veneration of the saints c. the Calvinist cult of beauty d. the Renaissance preoccupation with symmetry and order e. Catholic Reformation mysticism 26. Who reportedly said, "Paris is worth a mass"? a. Henry Valois b. Catherine de Medicis c. Philip II AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 7 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars d. Henry Bourbon e. Mary Tudor 27. Under whose rule in England was religious reform pushed the furthest? a. Henry VIII b. Edward VI c. Mary Tudor d. Elizabeth I e. Henry VII 28. Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the phases of the Thirty Years War? a. Danish, Swedish, French, Bohemian b. German, Swedish, Danish, Bohemian c. Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, Franco-Swedish d. Franco-Swedish, Danish, Bohemian, German e. German, Bohemian, French, Swedish 29. Which of the following developments allowed northern Renaissance painters to experiment in the areas of light and shadow? a. perspective geometry from Italy b. the elimination of Gothic style c. the use of oil-based paints d. the rejection of religious themes e. the adoption of Giotto's methods 30. Which of the following was LEAST important in promoting exploration? a. the centralized organization of a nation-state b. technological advances in shipbuilding and navigation c. patronage of religious authorities d. use of gunpowder and iron weapons e. ruthless determination 31. What was the name of the union of Protestant princes opposed to Charles V's policies? a. Schmalkaldic League b. Hanseatic League c. Protestant Union d. Union of Hanover e. Bund of Luther 32. The House of Hapsburg greatly strengthened its power and position in Europe by: a. buying up vacant thrones from penniless royal families b. conquering opponents in a series of major wars c. conquering the Balkan peninsula from the Turks d. negotiating a series of strategic marriages e. controlling the profitable trade with the East 33. In which area did women gain the most from the Protestant Reformation? a. job opportunities b. legal status c. influence in churches d. social mobility e. education AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 8 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars 34. Which of the following statements about Michel de Montaigne (1533-92) is true? a. he was a staunch advocate of violent revolution b. he was the greatest scientist of his age c. he was the leading atheist of his century d. he was the best known skeptic of his time e. he was the leading military strategist of his era 35. Which of the following resulted from the English Reformation? a. immediate wholesale persecution of Catholics in England b. establishment of the English monarch as head of the Church of England c. the pope's naming Henry VIII as "Defender of the Faith" d. papal recognition of the English church as independent, but still affiliated with Rome e. a revolt by members of the English aristocracy opposed to the Reformation 36. The major political opponent of Charles V was: a. Pope Clement VII b. Henry VIII of England c. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden d. Francis I of France e. Philip II of Spain 37. The primary goal of France in entering the Thirty Years' War was to: a. defend Catholicism against German Protestants b. reduce the power of the Habsburgs c. punish the Swedish king, Gustavus Adolphus d. conquer Brandenburg-Prussia e. place a Bourbon on the Spanish throne 38. Elizabeth I of England and her contemporary, Henry IV of France, have been called politiques because they believed that: a. doctrinal unity was necessary to political unity b. religious questions were as important as political questions c. religion was the most important part of politics d. political leaders should not be involved in religious questions e. theological controversy should be subordinate to political unity 39. Salvation by faith alone, the ministry of all believers, and the authority of the Bible are principles basic to: a. the Christian humanism of Erasmus b. the Church of England c. Catholicism during the Counter-Reformation d. Lutheranism in the early sixteenth century e. the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) 40. "You venerate the saints and delight in touching their relics, but you despise the best one they left behind, the example of a holy life....If the worship of Christ in the person of His saints pleases you so much, see to it that you imitate Christ in the saints." The quotation above expresses the views of which of the following? a. Henry VIII of England b. Catherine de Medici AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 9 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars c. Erasmus of Rotterdam d. Leonardo da Vinci e. Niccolo Machiavelli 41. Which of the following is generally considered the first Counter-Reformation Pope? a. Leo X b. Paul III c. Julius II d. Alexander VI e. Paul IV 42. Which of the following was a major result of the Thirty Years' War? a. long-term strengthening of the power of the Holy Roman Emperor b. the banning of Calvinism in the German states c. the establishment of strong Russian influence in the northern German states d. a major loss in Germany's population and damage of its countryside e. the rapid economic development of Germany 43. Which of the following most clearly distinguishes the Northern from the Italian Renaissance? a. interest in science and technology b. greater concern with religious piety c. cultivation of Latin d. use of national languages in literature e. admiration for Scholasticism 44. Which of the following is the best characterization of military developments in the seventeenth century? a. an increased reliance on heavy cavalry b. an increase in war’s cost, scope, and organization c. decisive battles, brief military campaigns, and short wars d. the emergence of Spain as the leading power e. the reluctance of monarchs to personally lead their armies 45. As a result of the Protestant Reformation, the ___________ became the center of social life. a. monastery b. family c. nation d. priest e. guild 46. Which was NOT a criticism of the Catholic Church in the early sixteenth century? a. absenteeism b. simony c. pluralism d. support for Ockam's nominalism e. a worldly papacy 47. A major impact of the development of printing was a. the widespread education of poor women b. a decline in the reading of religious texts c. a condemnation of the invention by the Catholic Church AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 10 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars d. spreading of Reformation ideas e. a disinterest in economic activities 48. Over what issue did Luther and Zwingli break? a. music in church b. clerical celibacy c. the church's relationship to the state d. the meaning of the Lord's Supper e. the center of the Reformation being in Switzerland or Germany 49. Which of the following was NOT a cause of Spain's decline? a. a crusading mindset b. the ending of the Habsburg line c. lack of a diverse economic base d. persecution of talented religious minorities e. bankruptcy due to constant warfare 50. The Pieter Brueghel painting (circa 1569) shown above depicts the massacre of villagers in a. the Netherlands by Spanish troops b. Russia by Ottoman troops c. Spain by English troops d. France by Swedish troops e. Hungary by Austrian troops 51. Place the following in chronological order: 1) Charles V elected Holy Roman Emperor, 2) Defenestration of Prague, 3) Peace of Westphalia, 4) Peace of Augsburg, 5) Diet of Worms. a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 b. 2, 4, 5, 1, 3 c. 5, 1, 3, 4, 2 d. 1, 5, 4, 2, 3 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 11 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars e. 2, 5, 1, 4, 3 52. Charles V can be said to BEST represent a medieval view of the world in which way? a. he attempted to strengthen his control of his various territories b. he assigned rule of his territorial possessions to capable female relatives c. he traveled on horseback portrayed as a chivalrous knight d. he attempted to maintain the political unity of Catholicism e. he admired Charlemagne and divided his empire among his sons 53. Mannerism is best described as: a. Castiglione's effort to enhance manners in his Book of the Courtier b. Michelangelo-inspired art movement using distortion, emotion, and color contrasts c. an artistic movement of the Northern Renaissance that focused on scenes of everyday life d. an intellectual attack on Scholasticism during the Renaissance e. a new theory of optics 54. The map above indicates: a. the religious situation in Germany before the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War b. Germany after the signing of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 c. Germany upon Charles V's election as Holy Roman Emperor d. Philip II's plan for the partition of Habsburg lands with his uncle Ferdinand e. central Europe following the 80 Years War 55. Which best characterizes the focus of the Catholic Reformation? a. abolishing indulgences and other abuses AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 12 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars b. restoring the pastoral mission of the Church c. patronizing Baroque architecture d. increasing the power of the Papacy e. attacking Scholastic philosophy 56. Which of the following pairs of dinner guests would make for the tensest situation? a. Charles V and Philip II b. Elizabeth I and Henry VIII c. John Calvin and Ignatius Loyola d. Henry Bourbon and William the Silent e. Martin Luther and Philip Melancthon 57. "To promote a woman to bear rule, superiority, dominion or empire above any realm, nation, or city is repugnant to nature, contumely to God, and then subversion of good order, of all equity and justice." John Knox wrote The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women to condemn which female ruler? a. Mary Tudor b. Elizabeth I c. Margaret of Parma d. Mary, Queen of Scots e. Jeanne d'Albret of Navarre 58. "If anyone saith that in the sacred and holy sacrament of the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine remains conjointly with the body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ and denieth that wonderful and singular conversion of the whole substance of the bread into the Body, and the whole substance of the wine into the Blood--let him be anathema." The author of this passage would be in sympathy with which of the following positions? a. Roman Catholicism b. Calvinism c. Zwinglianism d. Anabaptism e. Anti-trinitarianism 59. "They preach that the soul flies out of Purgatory as soon as the money thrown in the chest rattles. I believe when the money rattles in the chest, avarice and gain may be increased, but the effect of the intercession of the Church depends on the will of God alone." This statement was made by: a. Pope Paul III b. Martin Luther c. John Tetzel d. Ignatius Loyola e. Thomas More 60. The Protestant Reformation encouraged all of the following changes in the status of women EXCEPT: a. elevating marriage as the highest calling of women b. more grounds for divorce if husbands violated the laws of marriage c. increased opportunities for religious vocations d. lessening female control of religious education in the home e. better education for women so they could read the Bible 61. Charles V had difficulty responding to the Protestant Reformation because: a. he had to make too many concessions to become Holy Roman Emperor AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 13 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars b. of the far-flung nature of his possessions c. he was preoccupied with conquering Russia d. his empire in the New World produced too little income e. his aunt was Queen of England 62. Queen Mary I of England married which of the following? a. Philip II of Spain b. Charles V of Austria c. Philip of Hesse d. Henry VIII of England e. James V of Scotland 63. All of the following were part of or reflected in the Peace of Westphalia EXCEPT: a. the ruler of each state could establish his or her own religion as dominant b. the independence of the Dutch Republic was guaranteed c. Brandenburg-Prussia emerged as the most powerful north German state d. France became Europe's dominant power e. Russia absorbed all of Sweden 64. Most of the Thirty Years' War was fought in: a. France b. Germany c. Italy d. Spain e. England 65. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572: a. was approved by Catherine de Medicis b. created relief among the Protestant community in Europe c. succeeded in establishing the Guise family in control of France d. was organized by Henry of Navarre e. eliminated all the Huguenots of France 66. Which of the following was NOT generally a way in which women participated in the Protestant and Catholic Reformations in the sixteenth century? a. founding new Catholic religious orders like the Carmelites b. preaching the gospel in Anabaptist congregations c. making religious policy as monarchs and regents d. attacking the institution of marriage on scriptural grounds e. winning new educational opportunities in Protestant nations 67. All of the following were problems faced by Charles V (1519-56) during his reign as Holy Roman Emperor EXCEPT: a. war with France b. invasion by the Ottoman Turks c. conflict with the Pope over religious reform d. inability to produce a male heir e. rebellion by the German princes 68. Which of the following led to the conflict in the 1530s between Henry VIII and his Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas More? AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 14 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars a. More's unwillingness to agree to Henry's assertion of royal supremacy over the Catholic Church b. More's publication of Utopia, which attacked social and economic conditions in England c. Henry's desire to purge former officials as he advanced the power of the monarchy d. Henry's fear that humanist writings might provoke another dynastic conflict like the War of the Roses e. More's secret assistance to the Holy Roman Emperor in a planned invasion of England 69. Which of the following was central to Martin Luther’s religious philosophy? a. Salvation by faith alone b. Saints as intermediaries between the individual Christian and God c. The sacrament of penance d. The priesthood defined as distinct from the laity e. The equality of men and women 70. During the Thirty Years’ War, France pursued a policy of: a. supporting the Habsburgs against the Protestant princes and rulers b. allowing French Protestants to fight for the Protestants even though the monarchy supported Roman Catholics c. supporting the Protestant princes and rulers against the Habsburgs d. remaining neutral e. opposing England in order to recapture Normandy 71. A primary goal of Philip II of Spain was to: a. grant toleration to religious minorities b. create a monarchy accessible to the people c. reunite the Spanish and Austrian Habsburg empires d. strengthen the Spanish economy e. maintain Spanish control of the Netherlands AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 15 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars 72. Which of the following can be deduced from the maps above, which chart population density and taxation in sixteenth-century Castile? a. Southeastern Castile was sparsely populated and paid proportionally more taxes. b. Northern Castile was densely populated and heavily taxed. c. The rural areas of Castile were densely populated, heavily taxed, and had higher mortality rates. d. The poor lived in the northern urban areas and were heavily taxed. e. The consumption tax distributed evenly across the population. 73. The most important goal of the Council of Trent was the: a. strengthening of internal Church discipline b. organization of military opposition to the Reformation c. establishment of new religious orders d. reduction of papal control of doctrine e. preparation of a revised prayer book 74. Which of the following regularly allowed women to preach in seventeenth-century England? a. Roman Catholics b. Puritans c. Presbyterians d. Quakers e. Anglicans 75. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) resulted in which of the following? a. Undisputed control over central Europe by the Habsburgs b. The creation of a strong central government to rule the Holy Roman Empire c. The guaranteed independence of numerous small German states d. An end to the persecution of Protestants in the Habsburg Empire e. An end to the Hundred Years’ War 76. Which of the following affected the status of women during the Reformation? a. The suppression of nunneries and the institution of a married clergy. b. Papal agreement allowing the ordination of women. c. Permission from secular rulers permitting women to own property. d. The abolition of primogeniture and institution of equal inheritance for men and women. e. The establishment of equal access to education for men and women. 77. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European political leaders generally viewed religious toleration as: a. leading to dangerous civil disorder b. resulting in economic prosperity c. restricted to Christians and Jews d. commanded by God in the Bible e. promoted by Protestant denominations 78. The massacre of Saint Bartholomew’s Day (1572) was directed against a. Catherine de Médicis and her followers in Paris b. Anabaptists in the Netherlands c. Roman Catholics throughout the German states d. peasant rebels in the southern German states e. Huguenots in France AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 16 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars “Our sins have their source in Adam, and because Adam ate the apple, we have inherited sin from him. But Christ has shattered death in order that we might be saved by His works and not by our works. Christ says: I am your justification.” --Martin Luther 79. Which of the following best describes Luther’s meaning in the excerpt above? a. Only faith in Christ will bring salvation, not good works. b. “Justification” is different from “salvation.” c. Faith means nothing without good works to demonstrate belief. d. Good works are necessary for justification, but only faith in Christ will bring salvation. e. Neither faith nor good works will bring salvation. 80. The map above, showing religious divisions in Europe around 1600, illustrates which of the following differences between Lutheranism and Calvinism? a. Lutheran areas were more densely populated and urbanized than were Calvinist areas. b. Lutheran areas were geographically closer to papal influence than were Calvinist areas. c. Calvinist areas were more likely to be influenced by minor sects than were Lutheran areas. d. Calvinists were more likely to share a common language than were Lutherans. e. Calvinists were more likely to be a minority within a state than were Lutherans. 81. Which of the following best describes the results of the Peace of Augsburg (1555)? a. It empowered German rulers to impose Lutheran, Calvinist, or Zwinglian Protestantism. b. It was rejected by Emperor Charles V. c. It released all German-speaking states from papal authority. d. It established toleration for Anabaptists in the Holy Roman Empire. e. It provided a legal basis for the existence of Lutheranism. 82. The conversion to Catholicism of King Henry IV of France is an example of the policies of the a. Jansenists AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 17 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars b. politiques c. philosophés d. physiocrats e. Jacobins 83. Which of the following best describes the French Edict of Nantes (1598)? a. It provided limited political and religious liberties for French Huguenots. b. It signaled the end of French territorial expansion for a century. c. It led to the establishment of French colonies in North America. d. It granted legal equality to all classes of France. e. It led to fifty years of violent peasant rebellions. 84. The most influential religious order associated with the Catholic Reformation (CounterReformation) was the a. Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life b. Dominican c. Franciscan d. Jesuit e. Oratory of Divine Love 85. The Dutch church represented in the painting above can be identified as Protestant because of a. its high vaulted ceiling b. the small number of people in attendance c. the absence of pews or chairs d. the plainness of the interior e. its windows at different levels 86. The most important political and military result of the Thirty Years’ War and the Peace of Westphalia was the a. decline of Denmark as a Baltic power AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 18 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars b. decline of the Ottoman Empire as a great power c. rise of England as a naval power d. rise of Russia as a great power e. rise of France as a great power Possible Essay Questions ’79: The chalice on the left was used by a sixteenth-century Roman Catholic priest in the celebration of the Mass; the wooden cup shown on the right is what he used to celebrate the Lord’s Supper after he left the Church and became a follower of Martin Luther. How does the new cup reflect the theology and ideals of the Protestant Reformation? ’80: How did the disintegration of the medieval church and the coming of the Reformation contribute to the development of nation-states in western Europe between 1450 and 1648? ’81: Evaluate the relative importance of religious rivalries and dynastic ambitions that shaped the course of the Thirty Years’ War. ’83: “Luther was both a revolutionary and a conservative.” Evaluate this statement with respect to Luther’s responses to the political and social questions of his day. ’85: What were the responses of the Catholic authorities in the 16th century to the challenges posed by the Lutheran Reformation? ’86: The Reformation was a rejection of the secular spirit of the Italian Renaissance. Discuss. ’87: “The Protestant Reformation was primarily an economic event.” By describing and determining the relative importance of the economic, political, and religious causes of the Protestant Reformation, defend or refute this statement. ’88: Describe and analyze the ways in which the development of printing altered both the culture and religion of Europe during the period 1450-1600. ’90: In 1519 Charles of Habsburg became Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Discuss and analyze the political, social, and religious problems he faced over the course of his imperial reign (1519-1556). ’91: Describe and analyze the ways in which sixteenth-century Roman Catholics defended their faith against the Protestant Reformation. ’92: The pictures below show the interiors of a Protestant church and a Roman Catholic church as each appeared in the first half of the seventeenth century. Using these pictures as a starting point, explain AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 19 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars how these interiors reflect the differing theologies and religious practices of Protestantism and Catholicism at that time. ’95: Compare and contrast the attitudes of Martin Luther and John Calvin toward political authority and social order. ’96: Assess the extent to which the Protestant Reformation promoted new expectations about social roles in the sixteenth century. Refer to at least TWO social groups in your assessment. ’98: Compare and contrast the Lutheran Reformation and the Catholic Reformation of the sixteenth century regarding the reform of both religious doctrines and religious practices. ’99: Discuss the relationship between politics and religion by examining the wars of religion. Choose TWO specific examples from the following: Dutch Revolt, French wars of religion, English Civil War, Thirty Years’ War. ’00: “Leadership determines the fate of a country.” Evaluate this quotation in terms of Spain’s experience under Philip II. ’01: Assess the political and social consequences of the Protestant Reformation in the first half of the sixteenth century. ’02: Compare and contrast the religious policies of TWO of the following: Elizabeth I of England, Catherine de Médicis of France, Isabella I of Spain. ‘02B: To what extent did political authorities influence the course of the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century? ’05: Compare and contrast the motives and actions of Martin Luther in the German states and King Henry VIII in England in bringing about religious change during the Reformation. ’06: Analyze the aims, methods, and degree of success of the Catholic Reformation (CounterReformation) in the sixteenth century. AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide: 20 AP Euro Unit 2 Study Guide Reformation and Religious Wars ‘06B: How and to what extent did the methods and ideas of Renaissance humanism contribute to the Protestant Reformation? ‘07B: Evaluate the influence of Renaissance humanism on Catholic reforms and the Protestant Reformation. ‘08B: Analyze the reasons for the decline of the Holy Roman Empire as a force in European politics in the period 1517 to 1648. ’09: Analyze various ways in which the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) represented a turning point in European history. ‘09B: Analyze the impacts of the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) on the social order of sixteenth-century Europe. ’10: Analyze the various Protestant views of the relationship between church and state in the period circa 1500–1700. ‘11B: Contrast Renaissance Florence with Reformation Geneva with respect to religion, government, and everyday life. ’12: Analyze various ways in which religious reform in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries influenced the arts. 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