Download The Civil War - Nichols School Intranet Web Page

U.S. History 7
Review Sheet: Chapters 16-18 “Slavery Divides
the Nation,” “The Civil War” and “Reconstruction
and the Changing South”
Vocabulary:
Sectionalism
Manifest Destiny
Affirmative Action
Civil War
Unconditional Surrender
Civil Rights
Primary Sources :
The First Battle at Bull Run
Class Notes :
Introduction to the Civil War
Chapter 16
Chapter 16 “Slavery Divides the Nation”
Section # 1 “A Republican Takes Office”
¾ Thomas Jefferson knew that the issue of slavery had the potential to divide the
nation, Missouri’s admission to the Union developed into a crisis.
¾ Henry Clay introduced a plan called the Missouri Compromise which
temporarily settled the issue by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a
free state, an imaginary line extended from the southern border of Missouri and
slavery was permitted south of that line in the Louisiana Territory only.
Section # 2 “The Compromise of 1850”
¾ The Compromise of 1850 temporarily prevented a civil war from breaking out
between the north and south-the main parts included California entering the
Union as a free state and the Fugitive Slave Act.
¾ Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe appealed to northerners and
angered southerners.
Section # 3 “The Crisis Deepens”
¾ Pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces battled for control of the territory of Kansas
¾ Senator Stephen Douglas introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) which
attempted to solve the issue of slavery in the territories through popular
sovereignty.
¾ Northerners responded with anger because the Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the
Missouri Compromise.
¾ John Brown and southern border ruffians waged a guerilla in Kansas.
¾ The Supreme Court ruled against Dred Scott and argued that Congress did not
have the power to outlaw slavery in the territories.
Section # 4 “The Republican Party Emerges”
¾ Free-Soilers, northern Democrats, and anti-slavery Whigs formed the
Republican party with the main goal of keeping slavery out of the western
territories.
¾ Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas competed for a Senate seat and engaged
in a series of debates in 1858.
¾ Despite losing the election against Douglas, Lincoln established himself as a
political leader, John Brown raided Harper’s Ferry in order to incite a slave
rebellion but died a martyr.
Section # 5 “A Nation Divides”
¾ In 1860 the Republican party nominated Abraham Lincoln as its presidential
candidate, the Democratic party split into a northern and a southern wing
¾ Lincoln won the presidential election in 1860 and southern states seceded
¾ The Civil War began with the bombing of Fort Sumter on April 11th, 1861.
Chapter 17: The Civil War
Section # 1 “The Conflict Takes Shape”
¾ Both the North and South expected a quick victory; people on both sides were
unrealistic about the realities of war and romanticized war.
¾ Southerners were fighting for independence: Northerners were fighting to
save the Union.
¾ Four slave states sided with the Union (Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and
Delaware)
¾ Lincoln called for martial law in Baltimore as the war began to control proConfederate sympathizers.
¾ The South had advantages which included fighting a defensive war.
¾ The Union had advantages like a larger population and more industry.
¾ The Confederacy was led by Jefferson Davis; the Union was led by Abraham
Lincoln.
Section # 2 “No Easy Victory”
¾ The Union strategy included capturing Richmond, blockading Confederate ports,
and taking control of the Miss. River.
¾ The Confederate strategy included fighting a defensive war, hoping that
northerners would grow weary of war.
¾ The Battle of Bull Run (July 1861) was important because it proved that both
sides were unprepared for war.
¾ Battle of Antietam (September, 1862)-McClellan and the Union claimed victory
as Lee retreated.
¾ The Confederates won big in the battles at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville.
¾ Grant and the Union win at the Battle of Shiloh in the west.
Section # 3 “A Promise of Freedom”
¾ Lincoln was cautious about making the war a war to end slavery; he needed
the support of the border states.
¾ Lincoln decided to expand the goals of the war by freeing or emancipating slaves
in the Confederacy.
¾ Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation on Jan. 1st, 1863 only after
hearing about the Union victory at Antietam.
¾ Abolitionists like Frederick Douglass rejoiced when they heard about the E.P.
¾ At first, African-Americans were limited in terms of their roles in the army and
earned less pay than white soldiers.
¾ By 1863 African-Americans were allowed to take part in combat.
¾ The 54th Mass. Regt. led the attack on Fort Wagner and African-Americans
gained respect for their heroism.
Section # 4 “Hardships of War”
¾ The Civil War put pressure on civilians as well as soldiers.
¾ New, more destructive weapons led to increased casualties.
¾ Diseases killed more soldiers than weapons did.
¾ Copperheads in the North opposed the war.
¾ Immigrants opposed the draft and rioted in cities like New York.
¾ President Lincoln suspended habeas corpus in order to stop riots and limit
disloyal actions.
¾ Jefferson Davis had difficulty creating a strong Confederate federal government
because the southern states supported states’ rights.
¾ Congress established the nation’s first income tax to fund the war effort.
¾ The North’s economy boomed because of the demand for war supplies.
¾ The North’s blockade wore down the Southern economy during the war.
¾ Women like Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix played important roles during
the war
Section # 5 “ The War Ends”
¾ Grant’s victory at Vicksburg was a turning point because it split the Confederacy
in half.
¾ Meade’s victory at Gettysburg (1863) over Lee was the beginning of the end
for the Confederacy, Lincoln dedicated his Gettysburg Address to those who
fell at Gettsyburg.
¾ Grant called for total war against the South, and Sherman and Sheridan destroy
the South.
¾ The war ended with Lee’s unconditional surrender to Grant at Appomattox
Courthouse.
¾ The Civil War ended slavery.
Chapter 18: Reconstruction and the Changing South
Section # 1 “Early Steps to Reunion”
¾ The North’s economy slowed down temporarily after the war.
¾ The South’s economy was destroyed by the war.
¾ Lincoln proposed a Ten Percent Plan for Reconstruction
¾ The Wade-Davis Bill required a majority of white southerners to swear loyalty to
the Union.
¾ The Freedmen’s Bureau was created to help former slaves and others in the
South.
¾ Lincoln was assassinated on April 14th, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s
Theater in Washington, D.C. and was succeeded by Andrew Johnson.
¾ The Thirteenth Amendment banned slavery
Section # 2 “Radical Reconstruction”
¾ Freedmen faced continuing discrimination in the form of black codes.
¾ Republicans were alarmed by Johnson’s failure to punish the South and the
treatment of freedmen.
¾ Radicals gained control of Congress and passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866
¾ The Fourteenth Amendment provided equal protection of the laws to all citizens
including African-Americans
¾ Radical Reconstruction punished the South and divided the South into five
military districts.
¾ Republicans attempted to impeach Andrew Johnson for political reasons.
¾ The Fifteenth Amendment gave African-Americans the right to vote.
Section # 3 “The South Under Reconstruction”
¾ African-Americans, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers, and Conservatives shaped the
New South
¾ The KKK led an insurgency in the South in opposition to changes imposed by the
North on the South.
¾ Reconstruction governments increased taxes to pay for services (schools,
roads,etc.)
¾ The majority of African-Americans had no choice but to turn to
sharecropping. This created a vicious cycle of poverty in the South.