Download US History Ch 16 and 17

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Ch.16 Objectives:
Ch. 16 and 17
World War II Beginnings &
America in World War II
Ch. 16 section 1
Causes of European Conflict:
• Economic depression
• Rise of dictators due to nationalism & a lack of democratic
tradition.
• Treaty of Versailles – Cause of resentment & anger
• To trace the rise of dictators, the beginnings
of war, and the American response in the
1930’s.
Section 1
1.Indentify the types of governments that
took power in Russia, Italy, Germany, and
Japan after World War1.
2.Descibe the details of American’s turn to
isolationism in the 1930’s.
Neutrality Breaks Down
• 1937, Japan invades China and US sends aid to China
• FDR gives Quarantine speech, Chicago, isolate aggressor
nations w/ embargo but backs off due to criticism.
– “War Guilt” Clause – blamed Germany for the war.
– Took away colonies and border territories – their money source.
– Military reduced to a defensive military only.
US Responds with Isolationism
• Nye Committee created to look into war profits by weapon
makers.
– Created increase in anti
anti--war & isolationist feelings in US.
• FDR reaches out to World at first.
– Recognizes USSR
– Continues the Good Neighbor Policy w/ Latin America to secure support
if war breaks out.
– Reciprocal Trade Agreement – we lower tariffs if others lower tariffs.
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Ch. 16.3: The Holocaust
Enabling Acts – gives Hitler power to make laws himself.
Boycotts - isolated Jewish business’ & people from German society.
1933 – Nazis made it against the law for a Jewish person to hold
public office.
1935 –Nuremberg
Nuremberg Laws
Laws, took rights of German Citizenship from
Jews, their jobs and property. Forced Jews to wear a yellow star to
easily identify a Jewish person.
Kristallnacht
– Nov. 1938 “the night of broken glass”
-
Nazis launched a violent attack on Jews.
Storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, synagogues
in Germany & killed 100 Jews.
- Major step in the persecution of the Jewish people by the Nazi
party.
Result:
1. Many had fled to other countries
2. Jews who stayed in Germany were
forced into overcrowded & isolated
parts of cities, called ghettos.
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Flood of Jewish Refugees
• Jews had a hard time finding nations to accept them.
• British worried about fueling anti
anti--semitism
semitism,, accepted up to
80k in UK and 30k in Palistine.
• France only 40k.
• US accepted 100k Jews, especially “persons of exceptional
merit,” Einstein, Thomas Mann, Walter Gropius & Paul
Tillich.
– US worried Jews would take US jobs from US citizens & threaten
economic recovery.
– Anti
Anti--semitism and fear of “enemy agents” entering the US.
– FDR said he would do nothing to harm American citizens.
• US indifference – St. Louis
– St. Louis a German ocean liner w/ 943 passengers w/ 700+ w/
papers, Coast Guard sent them back to Europe. Finally, taken in by
France and later taken over by Germany. ½ of the passengers later
Final Solution
Policy of genocide - the systematic killing of an entire people.
Why?
1. To ensure racial purity of the Aryan race.
2. Not all the Jews would leave Germany.
In 1939, Hitler had the Jews rounded up and moved to
concentration camps or killed.
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Final Stage: Mass Extermination
1942 built six death camps with gas chambers and huge
1942,
furnaces for mass killings.
Chelmno started in 1941
1941, the largest was in Auschwitz
6 million died in death camps and in Nazi massacres
Fewer than 4 million European Jews survived the
Holocaust.
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Ch. 16.4 Objectives:
Section 4
1. Describe the US responses to the outbreak of the
war in Europe in 1939.
2. explain how Roosevelt assisted the Allies without
declaring war.
3. Summarize the events that brought the United States
into armed conflict in Germany.
4. Describe the American responses to the Japanese
attack on Pearl Harbor.
Ch. 16.4: America Moves Toward
War
Moving Away From Neutrality
• Sept. 1939 – “Cash & Carry” Plan
– Allows warring nations to buy supplies if they pay in CASH & CARRY it
on their own ships.
– To help Allies and keep US out of war.
• Sept. 1940 – Bases for Destroyers Plan
– France fell and Britain running out of money, US traded 50 WWI
destroyers for bases from Caribbean to Newfoundland.
• Sept. 27, 1940 – Tripartite Pact –
– Germany, Japan, Italy become the Axis Powers.
– Aimed at keeping US out of the war, war w/ one means war w/ all 3
nations.
• 1940, Increased Defense Spending, Selective Training and
Service Act
– 16 million registered & 1 million drafted to prepare for war.
• FDR Runs for Third Term – FDR breaks 2 term tradition
– Republican Wilkie & FDR both said they would stay out of war.
“The Great Arsenal of Democracy”
• March 1941, Lend
Lend--Lease Act – Britain ran out of money & FDR
decided to LEND or LEASE war supplies to Britain, when done
they return supplies.
– June 1941, Germany invades USSR, US extends Lend
Lend--Lease to USSR.
• German Wolf Packs
– German U
U--boats attacked Lend
Lend--Lease shipments & convoys.
– FDR granted Navy to attack u
u--boats in self
self--defense.
FDR Plans for War
• Aug. 1941, terms of draftees extended to prepare for war.
• Atlantic Charter
– US & Britain pledged: collective security, disarmament, self
self-determination, economic cooperation & freedom of the seas.
– Basis for the A Declaration of the United Nations
• Shoot on Sight
– USS Greer fired on by Germany, FDR orders navy to shoot uu-boats on
sight.
– Sinking of Pink Star & Reuban James Senate allowed arming of
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Japan Attacks the United States
• 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria (N. China)
• July 1937, Japanese Chief of Staff Hideki Tojo invades China.
• US only remaining power to keep Japan from seizing an E.
Asian Empire.
• US set up an embargo – most important was OIL.
• Peace talks break down, Dec. 6, 1941.
• Dec. 7th, 1941 –Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
– “A date the will live in infamy,” said by FDR.
– 2,403 Americans killed & 1178 wounded.
– US reaction: outrage to panic, isolationism destroyed & people called for
& supported a declaration of war.
• Dec. 8th, 1941 – US declares war on Japan
• Dec. 11th, 1941 – Germany & Italy declare war on US.
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Ch. 17.1 Objectives
• 1. Explain how the United States expanded
its armed forces in World War 2.
• 2. Describe the wartime mobilization of
industry, labor, scientists, and the media.
• 3. Trace the efforts of the US government to
control the economy and deal with alleged
subversion.
Ch. 17: The US in WWII
Mobilizing for Defense
• 5 million volunteered
• Selective Service added 10 m
more.
• May, 1942, Military needs were
so great Gen. Marshall pushed
to form Women’s Auxillary Army
Corps.
– Women did all duties not combat
related.
– July 1943, Army dropped Auxillary
to form WAC’s, women now
receive w/ benefits.
A Production Miracle
•
Feb. 1942, factories were quickly converted to war
production.
Henry Kaiser, turned out ships an average of 14 days.
•
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•
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6 million women but earned only 60% of men’s wage.
2 million minorities, A
A–
–Americans usually only hired for menial labor.
•
•
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A. Phillip Randolph, A
A–
–American labor leader, protested such
discrimination by calling for a march on D.C. FDR met w/ Randolph &
agreed to issue an executive order for full & equitable participation of all
workers in defense industries.
1941, FDR created Office of Scientific Research &
Development.
• Minority groups in WWII
– Groups discriminated against
– AA lived & worked in segregated
units
Kaiser used prefabrication, to assemble ship in yard & the workers.
By 1944, 18 million workers
Improvement and creation of technologies. Radar, Sonar, DDT,
penicillin, etc.
Manhattan Project, 1942, to build an atomic bomb, Einstein warned
FDR about the Germans getting the “bomb” first, 1939.
Office of Price Administration
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• War Production Board
– Job of ensuring military & war
industries had resources
needed to win war.
– Decided which companies
would make what product for
war.
– Organized nationwide recycling
drives – iron, tin, paper, rags,
copper, etc.
– Rationing system created ration
coupon books to households to
allot a fixed amount of goods
essential for war – meats, sugar,
shoes, gasoline.
– Americans carpooled, rode
bicycles, rationed toys to tires.
Ch. 17. 3 Objectives
• 1. Identify key turning points in the war in
the pacific.
• 2.Describe all Allied offensive against the
Japanese.
• 3. Explain both the development of the
atomic bomb and debates about its use.
• 4. Describe the challenges faced by the
Allies in the building a just and lasting
peace.
1. Who is in the
poster?
2. What symbols do
you see?
3. What are War
Bonds?
4. What message is
the poster
sending to the
public?
Chapter 17.3: WWII in the Pacific & the
Rebuilding Begins
Turning Points in the Pacific
• Bataan Death March – Philippines
– Japan forced MacArthur to leave but soldiers left became
POW’s.
• Doolittle’s Raid
– Lifted US spirits, showed Japan could be attacked at home.
• Battle of the Coral Sea
– 1st time Japanese invasion had been stopped.
• Battle of Midway
– Stopped Japanese, broke their code, began “island hopping”
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Allies on the Offensive
Kamikaze
• Island Hopping – main strategy
– Take weaker islands and cut off strong holds
• Battle of Guadalcanal – Island of Death
– Japan’s 1st defeat on land.
• Battle of Leyte Gulf –
– Devastated Japanese Navy, 500 Kamikazes used.
• Battle of Iwo Jima
– Critical to US to be able to bomb Japanese mainland &
take Okinawa.
– 200 of 20, 700 Japanese survived battle, 6k US deaths.
• Battle of Okinawa
– 1,400 Kamikazes used.
– 7,600 US deaths & 110,000 Japanese deaths
– Gave Allies idea of what it may take to take Japanese
mainland.
Atomic Bomb Brings
Surrender
Truman uses THE BOMB to bring the war to a quick end.
Why? Invading Japan may result in ½ million US deaths.
Developed as a secret project called the Manhattan Project led
by Gen. Groves and J. Robert Oppenheimer
- July 1945
1945, 1st bomb exploded in New Mexico in.
- Truman warned the Japanese but US got no reply.
A-bomb on Hiroshima, 73k
- Aug. 1945
1945,, Enola Gay dropped an Adied.
- 3 days later, still had no reply & a 2nd bomb fell on Nagasaki,
37,500 died, 200 k died by end of the year from imjuries &
radiation poisoning.
- Sept. 2, 1945
1945,, Japanese surrendered to Gen. MacArthur on the
battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay.
Before
After
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Enola Gay
Little Boy
1st Bomb
Fat Man
2nd Bomb
Hiroshima
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Nagasaki
• Yalta Conference - February 1945
– Big Three Meet – Stalin, FDR, & Churchill.
– Stalin favored harsh treatment – divide Germany to protect USSR.
– Churchill disagreed & FDR was mediator & willing to compromise for 2
reasons:
• Wanted USSR to stand by its commitments to join US against Japan
• Wanted USSR support for the United Nations.
Result:
– Temporary division of Germany
– Stalin promised “free elections” in Poland & other E. European nations,
HE LIED.
– Stalin agreed to join in war against Japan.
• Nuremberg War Trials – 1945 - 1949
– 24 Nazi leaders put on trial for war crimes, “crimes against humanity” &
crimes against the peace.
– 12 of 24 were sentenced to death & most others sent to prison
– 200 more were later convicted of same crimes.
– IMPORTANCE: Set precedent that there is individual responsibility now
entrenched in international law.
Ch. 17.4 Objectives
• 1. Describe the economic and social
changes that reshaped American life during
World War 2.
• 2. Summarize both the opportunities and
discrimination African Americans the other
minorities experienced during the war.
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• Occupation of Japan
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Gen. McArthur led Japanese occupation
1,100 + put on trial for war crimes.
McArthur introduced free
free--market practices, led to economic recovery.
“McArthur Constitution,” Japanese constitution, provided for woman
suffrage & guaranteed basic freedoms.
Chapter 17.4: Home Front
• Economic Gains
– During war unemployment fell to 1.2% in ’44 & pay up 10%
– Farmers prospered; good weather, new machinery & fertilizers, & rising
crop prices. Finally, farmers could repay mortgages.
– 6 m. women entered work force & proved women could do what men
could do.
• Population Shifts
– Triggered massive migration from South to north & western cities to
defense industries jobs.
– 1 million migrated to CA from ’41
’41--’44.
• Social Adjustments
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Women left alone w/ children w/ men at war.
Children left w/ relatives or child care while moms at work.
Some teens drifted into deliquency
Men had a hard period adjustment, some had PTSD.
Couples rushed to get married before men went to war.
Servicemen Readjustment Act, 1944, (GI Bill) to help
veterans return to civilian life.
• Provided education, training, & home & business loans (VA) for vets.
by govt.
Discrimination & Reactions
• Civil Rights Protests
– CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) founded by James
Farmer, 1942, to confront urban segregation in North.
– 1943, Detroit riots lasted 3 days w/ 34 dead, revealed how
bad tensions had gotten. By 1945, 400 committees were
formed to deal w/ tensions.
“Zoot Suit” Riots
• Summer, 1943, in L.A. lasted a week where hundreds of Mex.Mex.Americans were beaten by thousands of servicemen & civilians.
Internment of Japanese Americans
• Pearl Harbor attack caused many Americans to question
Japanese--American loyalty.
Japanese
• War Dept. wanted all Japanese
Japanese--Americans in HI to be
evacuated but it would have ruined HI economy. (37% of HI
pop. 1% evacuated.)
• Feb. 19, 1942 FDR ordered the removal of 110k Japanese
Japanese-Americans to 1 of 10 “relocation camps.”
• Most were Nisei, Japanese ancestry but US born.
• Families were forced to sell homes, businesses, & belongings
for less then their value.
• Korematsu v. U.S. ruled gov’t was justified due to “military
necessity”
• JACL(Japanese American Citizens League) sued for
compensation after war.
• 1988, Congress ok’d $20k for each person sent to a camp.
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