Download Ch. 5 Review

Wyatt Wall
5.1 How Do Species
Interact?

The 5 types of interactions between species are:
Interspecific competition: species interact to get limited resources.
Predation: when a predator tries to get it prey for food.
Parasitism: one organism feeds on another organism to live
Mutualism: an interaction that benefits both species
Commensalism: when one organism benefits and the other
doesn’t.
Like interspecific competition humans compete against animals for
resources.
5.1 continued

 Competition is a major thing with species like fighting for
resources and land.
 An ecological niche is important because it shows that all
species play a role. These cause for organisms to be different
from each other by their physical features. That can cause an
overlap where 2 dominant species fight to get resources.
 Overlap can cause an increase and decrease in species
 Natural selection led to adaptation for many species which
turned to resource partitioning.
 Resource partitioning is when species competing for similar
scarce resources evolve specialized traits that allow them to
share resources.
5.1 Cont.

 Predator-prey relationship is how the rely and react on each
other.
 But the relationships can hurt many environments food webs.
 Methods to get prey:
Herbivores: they can only simply fly, walk, and swim.
Predators use pursuit, ambush and camouflage which hides them
with the environment, but some rarely use chemical warfare.
Prey has evolved to not be caught like getting faster, their senses
getting better; but they also have chemical warfare which causes
irritation, bad taste, coloration, and mimicry with behavior
changes
5.1 cont.

 Coevolution has been important because 2 species fight for
resources and then change in the process become less
competitive so they don’t die.
 In parasitism the parasite is smaller than the host.
 Mutualism causes 2 things protection and nutrition.
 1 type of mutualism is gut inhabitant where species help other
break down food.
5.1 cont.

 Science focus- the kelp forest are decreasing because predation
on them by sea urchins. Kelp forests are one of the most diverse
ecosystems found in water, supporting large numbers of
marine species.
 Core Case Study- otters are die from habitat loss an being
hunted. There are a few amount but we have learn that they can
help the environment by how they hunt they clean their food
then eat it.
5.2 What Limits the
Growth of Populations?

 Population is a group of interbreeding individuals of the
same species.
 Dispersed is a way they live in a small amount and
clumped is many living in one section.
 The 4 changes in population sizes are births, deaths,
immigration, and emigration.
 Age structure also is apart of population by distribution
of individuals among various age groups.
 To increase the population the reproductive organisms #s
need to be higher.
5.2 continued

 Range of tolerance to variations in its physical and
chemical environment.
 Limiting factors make the limiting factors principle that
too little will kill organisms but to much will make to
many.
 Marine systems are factor principles because they need
the right temperature, oxygen and more.
 There is a limit of how much an environment can hold
called carry capacity.
 Environmental resistance is the combination of all factors
that act to limit the growth of a population.
5.2 cont.

 Exponential growth is good because a population grows and still
has resources.
 For a population to grow its keystone species need to change it.
 But a danger to species populations losses are habitat loss and
overhunting.
 An overshoot population makes a population crash which
organisms die fast by little resources.
 Also some species have little population but survive because they
live longer because only a few are born at a time.
 Population density is the number of individuals in a population
found in a particular area.
 Some controls of it is parasitism, infectious disease, and competition for resources.
5.2 cont.

 By large densities of animals predators cant take a lot
of one species.
 Population sizes are stable which is a population that
does well, irruptive which cause a problem to a
decline, cyclic is changes of growth and drops in
populations, and irregular are changes that don’t
ever happen again.
 One major reason populations fall is human
activities.
5.2 cont.

 Science focus: the otter population has fallen because
overhunting and minor habitat loss. They also have
change sizes by how much food they have. Parasites
also kill them by what they eat.
5.3 How Do Communities and
Ecosystems Respond to Changing
Environmental Conditions?

 changing environmental conditions are lowering fires, volcanic
eruptions, climate change, and the clearing of forests to plant
crops.
 Ecological succession is the change of specie by the
environment.
 Primary ecological succession is biotic communities coming to a
barren place.
 The primary majorly comes from scrapping glaciers.
5.3 continued

 secondary ecological succession, in which a series of
ecosystems with different species development.
 natural ecological restoration are both the
successions of the environment.
 An environment with medium amount of species
that die early are a balance of nature.
 Inertia is the ability of a living system such as a
grassland or a forest to survive moderate
disturbances
5.3 cont.

 Resilience is the ability a living system to be restored
through secondary succession after severe
disturbances.
 The less diverse areas have little disturbances while
big has a lot.
 Science focus: the factors of succession are
facilitation, inhabitation, and tolerance. Inhabitation
is the most important because it deals with all the
species in the environment.