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2
Hinduism and Buddhism Develop
MAIN IDEA
RELIGIOUS AND ETHICAL
SYSTEMS The beliefs of the
Vedic Age developed into
Hinduism and Buddhism.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Almost one-fifth of the world’s
people today practice one of
these two religions.
TERMS & NAMES
• reincarnation
• karma
• Jainism
• Siddhartha
Gautama
• enlightenment
• nirvana
SETTING THE STAGE At first, the Aryans and non-Aryans followed their own
forms of religion. Then as the two groups intermingled, the gods and forms of
their religions also tended to blend together. This blending resulted in the worship of thousands of gods. Different ways of living and different beliefs made life
more complex for both groups. This complexity led some people to question the
world and their place in it. They even questioned the enormous wealth and power
held by the Brahmin priests. Out of this turmoil, new religious ideas arose that
have continued to influence millions of people today.
TAKING NOTES
Comparing and
Contrasting Use a Venn
diagram to compare the
beliefs and practices of
Buddhism and Hinduism.
Buddhism only
both
Hinduism only
Hinduism Evolves Over Centuries
Hinduism is a collection of religious beliefs that developed slowly over a long
period of time. Some aspects of the religion can be traced back to ancient times.
In a Hindu marriage today, for example, the bride and groom marry in the presence of the sacred fire as they did centuries ago. The faithful recite daily verses
from the Vedas.
From time to time, scholars have tried to organize the many popular cults,
gods, and traditions into one grand system of belief. However, Hinduism—
unlike religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, or Islam—cannot be traced back
to one founder with a single set of ideas.
Origins and Beliefs Hindus share a common worldview. They see religion as a
way of liberating the soul from the illusions, disappointments, and mistakes of
everyday existence. Sometime between 750 and 550 B.C., Hindu teachers tried to
interpret and explain the hidden meaning of the Vedic hymns. The teachers’ comments were later written down and became known as the Upanishads
(oo•PAHN•ih•shahdz).
The Upanishads are written as dialogues, or discussions, between a student
and a teacher. In the course of the dialogues, the two explore how a person can
achieve liberation from desires and suffering. This is described as moksha
(MOHK•shah), a state of perfect understanding of all things. The teacher distinguishes between atman, the individual soul of a living being, and Brahman, the
world soul that contains and unites all atmans. Here is how one teacher explains
the unifying spirit of Brahman:
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PRIMARY SOURCE
Thou art woman, Thou art man, Thou art the lad and the maiden too. Thou art the old
man tottering on his staff: Once born thou comest to be, thy face turned every way! A
dark-blue moth art Thou, green [parrot] with red eyes. Pregnant with lightning—seasons,
seas: Thyself beginningless, all things dost Thou pervade. From Thee all worlds were
born.
Svetasvatara Upanishad. IV. 3–4
When a person understands the relationship between atman and Brahman, that
person achieves perfect understanding (moksha) and a release from life in this
world. This understanding does not usually come in one lifetime. By the process of
reincarnation (rebirth), an individual soul or spirit is born again and again until
moksha is achieved. A soul’s karma—good or bad deeds—follows from one reincarnation to another. Karma influences specific life circumstances, such as the
caste one is born into, one’s state of health, wealth or poverty, and so on.
Hinduism Changes and Develops Hinduism has gone through many changes
Making
Inferences
How might the
lack of a single
founder result in
Hinduism changing
more over time
than other
religions?
over the last 2,500 years. The world soul, Brahman, was sometimes seen as having
the personalities of three gods: Brahma, the creator; Vishnu, the protector; and
Shiva, the destroyer. Vishnu also took on many forms or personalities, for example, as Krishna, the divine cowherder, and as Rama, the perfect king. Over the centuries, Brahma gradually faded into the background, while the many forms of Devi,
a great Mother Goddess, grew in importance.
Hindus today are free to choose the deity they worship or to choose none at all.
Most, however, follow a family tradition that may go back centuries. They are also
free to choose among three different paths for achieving moksha. These are the
path of right thinking, the path of right action, or the path of religious devotion.
Hinduism and Society Hindu ideas about karma and reincarnation strengthened
the caste system. If a person was born as an upper-caste male—a Brahmin, warrior,
or merchant—his good fortune was said to come from good karma earned in a former life. However, a person who was born as a female, a laborer, or an untouchable
might be getting the results of bad deeds in a former life. With some exceptions,
only men of the top three varnas could hope to achieve moksha in their present life.
The laws of karma worked with the same certainty as the world’s other natural laws.
Good karma brought good fortune and bad
karma resulted in bad fortune.
Together, the beliefs of Hinduism and
its caste structure dominated every aspect
of a person’s life. These beliefs determined
what one could eat and the way in which
one ate it, personal cleanliness, the people
one could associate with, how one dressed,
and so on. Today, even in the most ordinary activities of daily life, Hindus turn to
their religion for guidance.
Vishnu grew to
become a major
Hindu god. He is
seen here as the
whole Universe in
all its variety. He
is blue, the color
of infinity.
▼
New Religions Arise The same period of
speculation reflected in the Upanishads
also led to the rise of two other religions:
Jainism (JY•nihz•uhm) and Buddhism.
Mahavira, the founder of Jainism, was
born about 599 B.C. and died in 527 B.C.
Mahavira believed that everything in the
universe has a soul and so should not be
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harmed. Jain monks carry the doctrine of nonviolence to its logical conclusion.
They sweep ants off their path and wear gauze masks over their mouths to avoid
breathing in an insect accidentally. In keeping with this nonviolence, followers of
Jainism looked for occupations that would not harm any creature. So they have a
tradition of working in trade and commerce.
Because of their business activities, Jains today make up one of the wealthiest
communities in India. Jains have traditionally preached tolerance of all religions.
As a result, they have made few efforts to convert followers of other faiths.
Because of this tolerance, Jains have not sent out missionaries. So, almost all of the
nearly five million Jains in the world today live in India.
Synthesizing
How far might
the Jain respect for
life extend?
The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment
Buddhism developed out of the same period of religious questioning that shaped
modern Hinduism and Jainism. The founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama
(sihd•DAHR•tuh GOW•tuh•muh), was born into a noble family that lived in
Kapilavastu, in the foothills of the Himalayas in Nepal. According to Buddhist legend, the baby exhibited the marks of a great man. A prophecy indicated that if the
child stayed at home he was destined to become a world ruler. If the child left
home, however, he would become a universal spiritual
leader. To make sure the boy would be a great king and
world ruler, his father isolated him in his palace. Separated
from the world, Siddhartha married and had a son.
Siddhartha Gautama
c. 563–483 B.C.
According to Buddhist tradition,
Siddhartha Gautama’s mother had
dreamt of a beautiful elephant that
was bright as silver. When asked to
interpret the dream, Brahmin priests
declared that the child to be born
would either be a great monarch or a
Buddha (an enlightened one).
Tradition also relates that at
Gautama’s birth, he exhibited the
signs of a child destined for
greatness. There were 32 such signs,
including golden-tinged skin, webbed
fingers and toes, a knob on the top
of his skull, a long tongue, a tuft of
hair between his eyebrows, and a
thousand-spoked wheel on each
foot. Some images of the Buddha
display these traits.
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Siddhartha’s Quest Siddhartha never ceased thinking
about the world that lay outside, which he had never seen.
When he was 29, he ventured outside the palace four
times. First he saw an old man, next a sick man, then a
corpse, and finally a wandering holy man who seemed at
peace with himself. Siddhartha understood these events to
mean that every living thing experiences old age, sickness, and death and that only a religious life offers a
refuge from this inevitable suffering. Siddhartha decided
to spend his life searching for religious truth and an end
to life’s suffering. So, soon after learning of his son’s
birth, he left the palace.
Siddhartha wandered through the forests of India for six
years seeking enlightenment, or wisdom. He tried many
ways of reaching an enlightened state. He first debated with
other religious seekers. Then he fasted, eating only six
grains of rice a day. Yet none of these methods brought him
to the truth, and he continued to suffer. Finally, he sat in
meditation under a large fig tree. After 49 days of meditation, he achieved an understanding of the cause of suffering
in this world. From then on, he was known as the Buddha,
meaning “the enlightened one.”
Origins and Beliefs The Buddha preached his first sermon
to five companions who had accompanied him on his wanderings. That first sermon became a landmark in the history
of the world’s religions. In it, he laid out the four main ideas
that he had come to understand in his enlightenment. He
called those ideas the Four Noble Truths:
Vocabulary
fasted: ate very
little.
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The Four Noble Truths
First Noble Truth
Life is filled with suffering and sorrow.
Second Noble Truth
The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for
the temporary pleasures of this world.
Third Noble Truth
The way to end all suffering is to end all desires.
Fourth Noble Truth
The way to overcome such desires and attain
enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path, which is
called the Middle Way between desires and self-denial.
The Eightfold Path, a guide to behavior, was like a staircase. For the Buddha,
those who were seeking enlightenment had to master one step at a time. Most
often, this mastery would occur over many lifetimes. Here is how he described the
Middle Way and its Eightfold Path:
PRIMARY SOURCE
What is the Middle Way? . . . It is the Noble Eightfold Path—Right Views, Right Resolve,
Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right
Concentration. This is the Middle Way.
BUDDHA, from Samyutta Nikaya
Comparing
In what ways
are Buddhism and
Hinduism similar?
By following the Eightfold Path, anyone could reach nirvana, the Buddha’s word
for release from selfishness and pain.
As in Hinduism, the Buddha accepted the idea of reincarnation. He also
accepted a cyclical, or repetitive, view of history, where the world is created and
destroyed over and over again. However, the Buddha rejected the many gods of
Hinduism. Instead, he taught a way of enlightenment. Like many of his time, the
Buddha reacted against the privileges of the Brahmin priests, and thus he rejected
the caste system. The final goals of both religions—moksha for Hindus and nirvana for Buddhists—are similar. Both involve a perfect state of understanding and
a break from the chain of reincarnations.
Buddhist tradition
says that just before
he died, the Buddha
lay on his right side
between two trees.
This reclining Buddha
is made of bronze.
▼
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Buddhist monks
view a temple at
Angkor Wat in
Cambodia.
▲
The Religious Community The five disciples who heard the Buddha’s first ser-
mon were the first monks admitted to the sangha, or Buddhist religious order. At
first, the sangha was a community of Buddhist monks and nuns. However, sangha
eventually referred to the entire religious community. It included Buddhist laity
(those who hadn’t devoted their entire life to religion). The religious community,
together with the Buddha and the dharma (Buddhist doctrine or teachings), make
up the “Three Jewels” of Buddhism.
Buddhism and Society Because of his rejection of the caste system, many of the
Buddha’s early followers included laborers and craftspeople. He also gained a large
following in northeast India, where the Aryans had less influence. The Buddha
reluctantly admitted women to religious orders. He feared, however, that women’s
presence would distract men from their religious duties.
Monks and nuns took vows (solemn promises) to live a life of poverty, to be
nonviolent, and not to marry. They wandered throughout India spreading the
Buddha’s teachings. Missionaries carried only a begging bowl to receive daily
charity offerings from people. During the rainy season, they retreated to caves high
up in the hillsides. Gradually, these seasonal retreats became permanent monasteries—some for men, others for women. One monastery, Nalanda, developed into a
great university that also attracted non-Buddhists.
The teachings of the Buddha were written down shortly after his death. Buddhist
sacred literature also includes commentaries, rules about monastic life, manuals on
how to meditate, and legends about the Buddha’s previous reincarnations (the
Jatakas). This sacred literature was first written down in the first century B.C.
Buddhism in India During the centuries following the Buddha’s death, mission-
aries were able to spread his faith over large parts of Asia. Buddhist missionaries
went to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia in the third century B.C. Buddhist ideas also
traveled along Central Asian trade routes to China. However, Buddhism never
gained a significant foothold in India, the country of its origin. Several theories
exist about Buddhism’s gradual disappearance in India. One theory states that
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Hinduism simply absorbed Buddhism. The two religions
constantly influenced each other. Over time, the Buddha
came to be identified by Hindus as one of the ten incarnations (reappearances on earth) of the god Vishnu. Hindus,
therefore, felt no need to convert to Buddhism.
Nonetheless, despite the small number of Buddhists in
India, the region has always been an important place of pilgrimages for Buddhists. Today, as they have for centuries,
Buddhist pilgrims flock to visit spots associated with the
Buddha’s life. These sites include his birthplace at
Kapilavastu, the fig tree near Gaya, and the site of his first
sermon near Varanasi. Buddhists also visit the stupas, or
sacred mounds, that are said to contain his relics. The pilgrims circle around the sacred object or sanctuary, moving in
a clockwise direction. They also lie face down on the ground
as a sign of humility and leave flowers. These three actions
are important rituals in Buddhist worship.
Vocabulary
pilgrimages: travels
to holy places.
Buddhism in the West
Throughout the 20th century, large
numbers of Asians have immigrated to
the West, particularly to North
America. Many of them brought
Buddhism with them. Today, Buddhist
temples are a common feature of
many large cities in the West.
Since the 1950s, many non-Asians
who were dissatisfied with the
religions of the West have turned to
Buddhism for insight into life’s
meaning. Today, Buddhism can claim
about one million Asian and nonAsian believers in North America.
Trade and the Spread of Buddhism As important as misINTERNET ACTIVITY Create a bar graph
sionaries were to the spread of Buddhism, traders played an
to show the number of Buddhists in
even more crucial role in this process. Along with their prodsome American cities. Go to
classzone.com for your research.
ucts, traders carried Buddhism beyond India to Sri Lanka.
Buddhist religion was also brought southeast along trade
routes to Burma, Thailand, and the island of Sumatra.
Likewise, Buddhism followed the Central Asian trade routes, called the Silk Roads,
all the way to China. From China, Buddhism spread to Korea—and from Korea to
Japan. The movement of trade thus succeeded in making Buddhism the most
widespread religion of East Asia. Throughout human history, trade has been a powerful force for the spread of ideas. Just as trade spread Buddhism in East Asia, it
helped spread cultural influences in another major region of the world: the
Mediterranean basin, as you will learn in Section 3.
2
SECTION
ASSESSMENT
TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
• reincarnation
• karma
• Jainism
• Siddhartha Gautama
• enlightenment
• nirvana
USING YOUR NOTES
MAIN IDEAS
CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING
2. What are the terms for
3. What are the Four Noble Truths
6. MAKING INFERENCES How might the belief in reincar-
enlightenment in each religion?
of Buddhism?
4. How has Hinduism influenced
social structure in India?
Buddhism only
5. How did Buddhism spread?
both
Hinduism only
nation provide a form of social control?
7. COMPARING How are the Vedas and the Upanishads
similar?
8. MAKING INFERENCES Look at the image of Vishnu on
page 67. Why might blue represent infinity?
9. WRITING ACTIVITY RELIGIOUS SYSTEMS How did the
experiences of Siddhartha Gautama influence his
religious and ethical beliefs? Write a brief biography of
his life. Include family background, accomplishments, and
a list of his beliefs.
CONNECT TO TODAY CREATING A MAP
Where in the world is Hinduism the main religion? What about Buddhism? Copy an outline
map of the world. Then color in those regions of the world where Buddhism and Hinduism
are the dominant religions. Use a different color for each religion.
People and Ideas on the Move 71