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Chapter 22 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece •Darwin noted that current species are descendants of ancestral species •Evolution can be defined by Darwin’s phrase descent with modification •Evolution can be viewed as both a pattern and a process Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 22-2 Linnaeus (classification) Hutton (gradual geologic change) Lamarck (species can change) Malthus (population limits) Cuvier (fossils, extinction) Lyell (modern geology) Darwin (evolution, natural selection) Wallace (evolution, natural selection) American Revolution French Revolution U.S. Civil War 1800 1900 1750 1850 1795 Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism. 1798 Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” 1809 Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution. 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. 1831–1836 Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. 1837 Darwin begins his notebooks. 1844 Darwin writes essay on descent with modification. 1858 Wallace sends his hypothesis to Darwin. 1859 The Origin of Species is published. Scala Naturae and Classification of Species • Aristotle viewed species as fixed and arranged them on a scala naturae. – The Old Testament holds that species were individually designed by God and therefore perfect • Carolus Linnaeus interpreted organismal adaptations as evidence that the Creator had designed each species for a specific purpose. • founder of taxonomy - branch of biology concerned with classifying organisms Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Ideas About Change over Time • Fossils - remains or traces of organisms from the past, usually found in sedimentary rock, which appears in layers or strata •Paleontology, the study of fossils •largely developed by French scientist Georges Cuvier - catastrophism, speculating that each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 22-3 Layers of deposited sediment Younger stratum with more recent fossils Older stratum with older fossils • Geologists James Hutton and Charles Lyell perceived that changes in Earth’s surface can result from slow continuous actions still operating today • Lyell’s = uniformitarianism - mechanisms of change are constant over time • Lamarck = species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics (unsupported by evidence) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 22-6 (a) Cactus-eater (c) Seed-eater Darwin perceived adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related (b) Insect-eater processes Biologists have concluded that this is indeed what happened to the Galápagos finches • In 1844, Darwin wrote an essay on the origin of species and natural selection but did not introduce his theory publicly • In June 1858, Darwin received a manuscript from Alfred Russell Wallace, who had developed a theory of natural selection similar to Darwin’s • Darwin quickly finished The Origin of Species and published it the next year • Darwin developed two main ideas: – Descent with modification explains life’s unity and diversity – Natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 22-8 Hyracoidea (Hyraxes) Sirenia (Manatees and relatives) Moeritherium Barytherium Deinotherium Mammut Platybelodon Stegodon Mammuthus Elephas maximus (Asia) Loxodonta africana (Africa) Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa) 34 24 Millions of years ago 5.5 2 104 0 Years ago Artificial Selection, Natural Selection, and Adaptation • Darwin noted that humans have modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits, a process called artificial selection Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 22-9 Terminal bud Lateral buds Cabbage Brussels sprouts Flower clusters Leaves Kale Cauliflower Stem Wild mustard Flowers and stems Broccoli Kohlrabi Darwin then described four observations of nature and from these drew two inferences • Observation #1: Members of a population often vary greatly in their traits • Observation #2: Traits are inherited from parents to offspring • Observation #3: All species are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support • Observation #4: Owing to lack of food or other resources, many of these offspring do not survive Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings • Inference #1: Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals • Inference #2: This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings • Thomas Malthus who noted the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources • If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in the population, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with adaptations • This process explains the match between organisms and their environment Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Natural Selection: A Summary • Individuals with certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals • Natural selection increases the adaptation of organisms to their environment over time or may give rise to new species • Note that individuals do not evolve; populations evolve over time • Natural selection can only increase or decrease heritable traits in a population • Natural selection does not create new traits, but edits or selects for traits already present in the population • The local environment determines which traits will be selected for or selected against in any specific population Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 22-12 (a) A flower mantid in Malaysia (b) A stick mantid in Africa Fig. 22-16 The fossil record provides evidence of (a) Pakicetus (terrestrial) the extinction of species, the origin of new groups, (b) Rhodocetus (predominantly aquatic) and Pelvis and changes hind limb within (c) Dorudon (fully aquatic) groups over time Pelvis and hind limb (d) Balaena (recent whale ancestor) Homology • Homology - similarity resulting from common ancestry • Homologous structures - anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor • Comparative embryology reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms • Vestigial structures - remnants of features that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 22-17 Homologous structures Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Human Cat Whale Bat Fig. 22-18 Anatomical similarities Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Chick embryo (LM) Human embryo Homologies and “Tree Thinking” • The Darwinian concept of an evolutionary tree of life can explain homologies – hypotheses about the relationships among different groups – can be made using different types of data, for example, anatomical and DNA sequence data Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 22-19 Branch point (common ancestor) Lungfishes Amphibians 1 Mammals 2 Tetrapod limbs Amnion Lizards and snakes 3 4 Homologous characteristic Crocodiles Ostriches 6 Feathers Hawks and other birds Birds 5 Convergent Evolution • Convergent evolution - evolution of similar, or analogous, features in distantly related groups – Analogous traits arise when groups independently adapt to similar environments in similar ways • Convergent evolution does not provide information about ancestry Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 22-20 Sugar glider NORTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA Convergent evolution Flying squirrel Biogeography • Biogeography - geographic distribution of species – Islands have many endemic species that are often closely related to species on the nearest mainland or island • Earth’s continents were formerly united in a single large continent called Pangaea, but have since separated by continental drift. This allows us to predict when and where different groups evolved Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings