Download 3 Colonies OH New Leaning Standards

Ohio’s New Learning Standards Grade Eight Social Studies-­‐ “13 Colonies” #1 Primary and secondary sources are used to examine events from multiple perspectives & to present & defend a position. Expectation for Learning 1-­‐ Analyze primary & secondary sources to describe the different perspectives on an issue relating to a historical event in US history & present & defend a position. #2 North America, originally inhabited by American Indians, was explored & colonized by Europeans for economic & religious reasons. 2.1 There were many different American Indian cultures inhabiting North America prior to the arrival of Europeans. 2.2 Economic reasons behind the European exploration of North America include the pursuit for new trade routes to Asia, the quest for new opportunities & the search for resources (e.g., gold, silver). The Europeans found goods that had a market in Europe (e.g., food, timber, fur, tobacco). 2.3 The religious reasons for Europeans coming to North America include escaping religious persecution, creating a religious utopia and converting American Indians to Christianity. Expectations for Learning 2-­‐ Explain the economic & religious reasons for the exploration & colonization of North America by Europeans. #3 Competition for control of territory & resources in North America led to conflicts among colonizing powers. 3.1 National rivalries spurred the powerful European countries to make land claims & exploit the resources of the Western Hemisphere. 3.2 The British, French, Spanish, Swedes and Dutch struggled with each other to control settlement & colonization of North America. One consequence was a series of wars involving colonial powers, colonists and American Indians (e.g., King William’s War, Queen Anne’s War, King George’s War, the French & Indian War). Expectations for Learning 3-­‐ Explain how competition for control of territory & resources in North America led to conflicts among colonizing powers. #4 The practice of race-­‐based slavery led to the forced migration of Africans to the American colonies. Their knowledge and traditions contributed to the development of those colonies & the United States. 4.1 The perspective of many Europeans that black Africans were inferior and uncivilized led to the forced relocation of hundreds of thousands of Africans to the American colonies. Although Africans aided Europeans in enslaving and in trading slaves, the practice was race-­‐based & economically motivated. Europeans & many of the American colonists felt that the African slaves provided a source of cheap labor. 4.2 Africans were not simply victims, but were intricately involved in the economic development of the colonies & after the American Revolution, the United States. Slaves & freed Africans helped provide labor for northern manufacturers. They were particularly important in the maritime trade in the northern & southern colonies. 4.3 Slaves also worked as artisans & domestics. Slavery was the foundation of the agricultural system in most of the Southern colonies & was critical in sustaining the cultivation of rice, cotton & tobacco as cash crops. Slaves from West & Central Africa contributed their knowledge of planting rice & sweet potatoes to the colonies. The cultural contributions of American slaves include their folklore & music. Expectations for Learning 4-­‐ Explain how the practice of race-­‐based slavery led to the forced migration of Africans to the American colonies. Describe the contributions of enslaved & free Africans to cultural & economic development in different regions of the American colonies. Ohio’s New Learning Standards Grade Eight Social Studies-­‐ “13 Colonies” #14 The availability of natural resources contributed to the geographic & economic expansion of the United States, sometimes resulting in unintended environmental consequences. 14.1 The expansion of the United States, both geographically and economically, was influenced by the availability of its natural resources. This expansion sometimes resulted in unintended consequences. 14.2 Forest resources & the abundance of fish & fur-­‐bearing animals stimulated the growth of industries in the Northeast. 14.3 The soil & climate of Virginia was conducive for growing tobacco. Although England originally settled Virginia to discover gold & silver & to trade with Indians for fur, the cultivation of tobacco helped make the colony prosper. Likewise, rice became an important crop in South Carolina, although originally it was thought to be an area for growing sugarcane. Expectations for Learning 14-­‐ Analyze how the availability of natural resources contributed to the geographic & economic expansion of the United States. Explain how this sometimes resulted in unintended environmental consequences. #15 The movement of people, products & ideas resulted in new patterns of settlement & land use that influenced the political & economic development of the United States. 15.1 The development of the colonies reflected the origins of its settlers (e.g., the English in the New England colonies, the Germans in Pennsylvania) & the displacement of native Indians. 15.2 Slavery in the northern colonies was not as prevalent as in the southern colonies & slaves generally were used in a variety of endeavors. Many more African Americans were enslaved in the South where they were mainly used to raise labor-­‐intensive crops. These differences influenced the ideas & political perspectives regarding the institution of slavery as the colonies gained independence & developed as a country. Expectations for Learning 15-­‐ Describe the movement of people, products & ideas that resulted in new patterns of settlement & land use & analyze its impact on the political & economic development of the United States. #17 Americans began to develop a common national identity among its diverse regional & cultural populations based on democratic ideals. 17.1 The democratic ideals that became the cornerstone for the development of a common national identity were freedom, equality, rights and justice. Many of these ideals were reflected in the colonial governments, formed the basis for the colonists’ disagreements over British policies & were embedded into the U.S. Constitution & Bill of Rights. Expectations for Learning 17-­‐ Identify the developments that helped bring about a common national identity for Americans & describe the democratic ideals around which that identity is based. #22 Choices made by individuals, businesses & governments have both present & future consequences. 22.1 Economic choices are made because wants are unlimited, but resources are scarce. In any economic decision, whether it is an individual, business or government, there are consequences for the present & the future. 22.4 Historical decisions based in part on economic choices include: Exploring new lands & Importing slaves to the Americas. Expectations for Learning 22-­‐ Analyze how choices made by individuals, businesses & governments have both present and future consequences.