Download The Beginnings of Our Global Age

The Beginnings of Our Global Age:
Europe, Asia, and Africa 1415-1796
The Age of Exploration
Two developments drastically altered the world in
which Europeans lived: The Reformation and over
seas expansion. While the reformation and
renaissance drastically changed culture religion and
social life in Europe, overseas exploration bought
Europeans in contact with ancient civilizations which
led to conquest, exploration and then profound
social changes in Europe and the conquered lands.
Wars were fought for expansion while Europeans
carried their attitudes to the newly acquired
territories.
The Search for Spices
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Moluccas
Prince Henry
Cartographer
Vasco de Gama
Christopher Columbus
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Line of demarcation
Treaty of Tordesillas
Ferdinand Magellan
circumnavigate
Motivation for
Exploring the seas
During the crusades Europeans
were introduced to many new
things from Asia; brought over
land
The Black Death and break up
of the Mongol Empire disrupted
the land trade.
Most valued items were spices
and perfumes
Chief source of Spices was
Moluccas, an island in present
day Indonesia
Muslims and Italians control
most of the trade routes east
Land Spice Routes
Improvement of Technology
• Cartographers: Map makers, they begin to
chart more accurate maps of the world
• The use of new tools
– Magnetic Compass
– Astrolabe
– Mercator projection
– Sextant
Magnetic Compass
Used to determine direction
A magnetic needle floating in
a dish of liquid that points to
magnetic north
Made it possible to find
direction at sea
Sometimes iron on the ship
would mess up its direction
Astrolabe
Device used to measure the
angles of the sun and stars
above the horizon
Was difficult to use on rough
seas
Improvement over “how
many hands”
Led to the development of
the Sextant
Sextant
Used for determining the
altitude of the sun or stars
By comparing different
degrees of latitude the
navigator could find a
ship’s latitude
Movements of the ship did
not affect the readings
Did not have to look
directly at the sun
Mercator Projection
Map projection that shows
straight lines of latitude and
longitude
Size distorted
Shows true direction of places
in relation to each other
Improved Ships
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Europeans designed larger,
more capable ships
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Portuguese designed the caravel
which combined square sails of
the European ships with the
triangle shape sails of the Arabs
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Europeans also made sturdier
ships with heavier armaments
Portuguese Pioneers
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Early 1400’s Portugal fought of the
Muslims who held the southern
portion of their country
Then expanded south into North
Africa
Prince Henry (the navigator)
wanting to explore an easier way to
Asia around Africa, and find a new
source of gold in Africa, set about
mapping the west African coast
Gathered Scientist and
cartographers at Sarges in south
Portugal and they redesigned ships,
trained captains and crews, created
maps for long voyages
Slowly worked their way south
along the western coast of Africa
Portuguese seek India
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Henry died in 1460 but Portugal
continues its quest
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1488 Bartholomeu Dias rounded
the southern tip of Africa
naming it the Cape of Good
Hope
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It is called that because sailors
needed hope to round the tip
due to harsh weather conditions
On to India
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Dias gets blow off course and could
not finish the voyage
1497 Vasco de Gama takes four
ships and sails around the cape up
the eastern coast of Africa
Despite rough conditions and scurvy
and loosing two ships and half the
crew 10 months later the ships
pulled into Calicut a spice rich city.
De Gama returned with his cargo
and sold it for 3000% profit
Quickly set about regrouping his
fleet and returned forcing Calicut
into a trade treaty
De Gama’s trade innovation lead to
the creation of a world wide trading
network for Portugal
Spain get into the Spice Trade
► Profitable
Portuguese voyages make the
rest of Europe want to get involved
► Spain begins to show an interest in seas
exploration
► Commissioned Christopher Columbus to sail
west to the Indies for spice
Columbus sails the Ocean Blue
► 1492
Columbus convinced Ferdinand and Isabella
of Spain to commission his voyage to Asia
► Reasoned that the trip would only take a few
weeks
► The same time Spain drove out Muslim invaders
and the new monarchy needed a source of wealth
► Spain wanted to by-pass the Italian/Muslim
monopoly of trading in the mid east
► Isabella also wanted to spread Christianity to Asia
Head west young man
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August 3, 1492 Columbus set
out for Asia on three ships, The
Nina, The Pinta, and the Santa
Maria
He also carried a letter to the
ruler of China and interpreters
for the people he met in Asia
October 12, 1492 sighted what
they though was Asia but
actually an Island the Caribbean
Since he thought he was in the
Indies he called the people
Indians
He returned to Spain a hero and
made three more voyages to
“India” never knowing the
magnitude of his discovery
Papal Line of Demarcation: 1493
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After Columbus it is figured out that
he discovered a whole new land
Spain and Portugal begin to dispute
who has claims to the land
Spain appeals to the Spanish born
pope Alexander VI to Intervene
He declared everything east of the
line Portugal's and west Spain's
Later ratified with the Treaty of
Tordesillas 1494 which moved the
line
1500 Portuguese captain Pedro
Cabral was blow off course while
traveling around Africa and landed
in what is now Brazil claiming it for
Portugal
Naming the New World
An Italian captain named Amerigo Vespuci
wrote a journal describing his voyage to
Brazil. In 1507 a German cartographer,
Martin Waldersemuller later used his
descriptions of the region to aid in his
creation of a map and named it America
and the name stuck lucky for us.
United States of Waldersemuller?
Search for the Western passage begins
► English,
French, and
Dutch unsuccessfully
explore North America
for a Northwest
passage
► 1513 Vasco Balboa
with the help of locals
crosses Panama and
was shown a huge
body of water he
named the South Sea
Ferdinand Magellan
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September 20, 1519 Ferdinand
Magellan set out from Spain
with five ship to sail south
around South America to Asia
They would carefully explore
every bay as they headed south
looking for a passage finally
found one, later named the
Strait of Magellan that despite
its violent tide surges and
storms they were able to cross
When the saw Balboa’s south
sea they renamed it the Pacific
ocean meaning peaceful
Upon making it to the Pacific
the majority of the crew wanted
to go back the way they came
The voyage continues…
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Magellan wanted to continue to
press on to sail to Asia and
around the world but did not
know how large the Pacific was
Took four more months to reach
the Philippians
Number of Mutinies put down
Magellan killed in an encounter
with locals while resupplying
The survivors of the voyage
finally made it home to Spain
and were the first to
circumnavigate the world
Quick Review
► What
factors encourage European exploration?
► How
did Portuguese exploration lead to creating a
trading empire?
► How
did Columbus influence the treaty of
Tordesillas?
► What
was the significance of Balboas discovery?
Turbulent Centuries in Africa
► Mombasa
► Malindi
► Plantation
► Affonso
I
► Missionary
► Asante kingdom
► Osei
Tutu
► Monopoly
► Oyo Empire
► Cape Town
► Boers
Portugal Gains a foothold
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Portuguese begin to build small forts on African coast to
collect supplies and repair ships
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Establish trading post and start to trade Guns for ivory,
gold, hides, and slaves
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Forts were not colonies, but just enough men and
firepower to defend the fort
Mombasa and Malindi
Portuguese establish two
major trade hubs in west Africa
Mombasa (in modern day
Kenya ) and Malindi become
post for the Portuguese where
they control the trade to the
Indian Ocean
Expelled Arabs who controlled
the area and took over for
themselves
Did not venture inland, knew
little about Africa’s interior
Africans resisted giving up their
control of gold this limited the
Portuguese
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Ft. Jesus Mombasa
The African Slave
Trade
1600’s Europeans begin to
view slaves as the most
important item from Africa
In the past slaves mostly
come from defeated foes
The world Slave comes
from Russian Slav for the
vast number of Russians
enslaved by the Roman
Empire
Europeans Enter the Slave Trade
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Portuguese Quickly joined the profitable slave trade
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Brought a large number of slaves to preform tasks on Plantations
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Rich Europeans bought slaves as exotic servants
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European participation encouraged a much broader expansion in the slave
trade
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Europeans seldom went into the interior of Africa but relied on African rulers
and traders to provide slaves
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They would exchange for guns, rum, tobacco, textiles and metal
African leaders resist
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African leaders try to slow down the trade
Affonso I ruler of Kongo was early voice against slave
trade
Educated by Portuguese missionaries later became King in
1505
Called for the Portuguese to help develop Kongo into a
modern Christian state
Backfired more Portuguese came to African and more
bought and traded slaves
The Oyo Empire
Rose from waves of
settlements of Yoruba
people in present day
Nigeria
Used wealth from slave
trade to raise and army to
conquer neighboring
kingdoms
Traded with Europeans at
port city of Porto-Novo
The European
Presence Expands
Following Portugal's example other
European powers begin to establish
forts on Africa's west coast
As Portuguese power declines
French, British, and Dutch begin to
take over
1653 Dutch found Cape Town in
present day South Africa
Dutch farmers/settlers called Boers
Held a Calvinist belief and thought
God looked on Africans as inferior
Ousted and enslaved the native
population
Boers begin to
expand outward
The Boer start to expand into the
continent of Africa
Begin to encounter native tribes
and people
Mostly fought with the Zulus
Later when British take over the
colony many Dutch resent British
rule and load up and head north
The would then clash with the Zulu
Fighting quickly broke out the Zulu
held out but eventually succumbed
to the Boers because they had guns
Quick Review
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Why did the Portuguese Establish a presence mainly along
the African Coast?
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How did African slave trade expand?
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What caused African states to grow?
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How did the European presence in Africa expand?
European foothold in South and
Southeast Asia
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Afonso de Albuquerque
Mughal Empire
Goa
Malacca
outpost
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Dutch East India Co.
Sovereign
Philippines
sepoys
Portugal’s Sea Power
Portugal was the first
European power to gain a
foothold in Asia. The
Portuguese Ships were
small in size and number
but their firepower was
unmatched. At the time
their firepower helped them
control the rich Indian
ocean and dominate the
trade from Asia
Portugal Builds an Eastern Empire
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After de Gama Portuguese Commander Afonso de Albuquerque takes
command of the Indian Ocean exploration
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Muslim rulers had established the Mughal empire in northern India but the
south is still controlled by a loose network of Princes
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Albuquerque Promises protection against the Muslims and other Europeans in
exchange for trading rights
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Portugal hoped to turn the Indian Ocean into a Portuguese Lake
A Rim of trading post
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1510 Portugal seizes the island of Goa of the coast of India and makes the
island a major military base
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1511 Portugal seizes the city of Malacca
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Albuquerque's fleet destroys any Muslim ships they encounter at sea and burn
coastal Muslim towns, killing the local Muslim population.
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Less than 50 years Portugal built a trading empire with the help of its military
establishing merchant outpost for trade
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They used seized cities on the coast of Africa to resupply and repair ships
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For the most part Portugal controlled the spice trade between Europe and Asia
Not great converters
► Despite
all their sea power the Portuguese lacked
the resources to explore further into the regions
the settled
► Upon
reaching a new city they would want to
capture they would destroy any Muslim or Hindu
establishment killing the local population as a
result had a very low conversion rate to
Christianity
Rise of the Dutch
The Dutch were the first Europeans to challenge the
Portuguese domination of the Indian ocean and
spice trade. The land we know today as the
Netherlands was at one time part of a trading
network on the North Sea and The Holy Roman
Empire. With the expansion of Protestantism the
Dutch won their independence and vigorously began
competing for over seas dominance
Building a Mighty Sea
Power
1599 a Dutch Fleet returned from a
year long trip to Asia with a cargo
full of valuable spice’s
This led to a huge frenzy of
overseas activity
Dutch warships and cargo ships put
the Dutch on the fore front of
exploration and trade
Like the Portuguese, The Dutch
start to set up a trading network to
India
They charted routes that would
bypass the shipping lanes of the
Portuguese and set up Cape town
in South Africa where they could
repair and resupply ships
Cape Town
Dutch East India Company
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1602 a wealthy group of Dutch
merchants formed the Dutch East
Indies Company
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Used Military to expand Dutch
Trading Empire
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1641 captured Malacca from the
Portuguese and opened up trade
with China
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Soon they enforced a Monopoly on
trade to the Spice Islands in India
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Forged better relations with the
locals than the Portuguese
Dutch Dominance
The wealth made by many Dutch is
brought home to Netherlands and
they begin to build tall water front
mansions still in use today
Dutch began to take Asian woman
home to the Netherlands to be
wives
Hired artist to paint portraits such
as Rembrandt
Would dominate the seas until the
rise of the English and French
Spain and the
Philippines
While Portugal and the Dutch
fought over India the Spanish
concentrated on the Philippines
Claimed by Magellan in 1521 the
Philippines were easily conquered
because there was no central
government just a loosely attached
group of Islands
Spanish Seize control and name it
for King Phillip II
By 1575 Spain controlled the
coastal regions and soon extended
inward controlling most of the
archipelago by the 1600’s
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Christianity Expands
in the Philippians
Apart from promoting trade the
Spanish also wanted to spread
Roman Catholicism through out the
archipelago
Rulers and Missionaries pressured
local leaders to convert to
Christianity
Missionaries encountered resistance
in the High lands to conversion
Over time the most Filipinos
converted and by the 19th century
the Philippians became one of the
most fervent Roman Catholic lands
in the world
Jesuit map and two missionaries
Mughal India and European
Traders
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They are the local leaders of India that encounter the Portuguese and Dutch
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Controlled the spice trade, manufactured textiles, exported silk
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Europeans sought trading rights with the Mughals. Emperors granted the right
seeing no threat from the Europeans
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Warring Hindus and Muslims eventually led to the downfall of the Mughals.
Years of civil war drained the resources. Mughal leader levied high taxes to
pay for the war
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Eventually the English take over India after fighting the French with the help of
the Mughal's Army
Quick Review
► How
did the Portuguese control the spice trade?
► How
did the Dutch build up a strong presence in
India?
► Why
was Spain able to conquer the Philippines?
► How
did Britain gain control of India?
Encounters in East Asia
► Macao
► Qing
► Guangzhou
► Qianlong
► Matteo
► Lord
Richie
► Manchus
Macartney
► Nagasaki
Europe and China
Portuguese ships first reached China from their
base in Malacca in 1514. To the Chinese, the
Portuguese like other foreigners, were barbaric.
Europeans by contrast, wrote enthusiastically about
China. In 1590, a visitor described Chinese artisans
“cleverly making devices out of gold, silver and other
materials.” and wrote with approval: “They daily
publish huge materials of books.”
European Contact
with Ming China
Portuguese wanted Chinese
Silk but had little to offer in
exchange
European Quality goods
were inferior to any made
in China
Since this was not a fair
trade the Chinese
demanded to be paid in
gold or silver
Ming Limit Trade
Ming Dynasty limited trade.
Europeans could only trade
to designated trading posts
and under the supervision
of Imperial officials
The Portuguese could only
trade at Guangzhou
Later they let Dutch,
English and others trade
with Chinese merchants
At the end of trading
season the foreigners had
to leave
Seeking Converts
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Portuguese missionaries sought to convert the Chinese.
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Later Jesuits arrived. They had broad knowledge of many subjects.
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Chinese were eager to learn form the European’s
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Many Priest tried but to no avail to get the Chinese to convert
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Jesuit Matteo Ricci
Matteo Ricci
1583 arrived in China
He had previously studied
Chinese and immediately
impressed the Chinese rulers
Recognized the Chinese would
not accept Christianity unless it
was intellectually flavored.
Translated five European
books to Chinese
Adopted Chinese dress and
established a friendship with
Confucian scholars
Manchu Conquest
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Early 1600’s the decay of the Ming Dynasty led to Manchu invasion
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1644 Pushed past the great wall and seized being
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Set up a new dynasty the Qing
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Won the support of Chinese scholars because they adopted Confusion
system of government
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Expanded Chinas boarders to what at the time was the largest country
in the world
Jesuits in Japan
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Spanish priest Frances Xavier found Japanese curious
about Christianity
Increasing amount of Japanese interested in Christianity
Also like the printing press the Jesuits' introduced
The Tokugawa Shoguns did not like the new Christian
influence
Brutally killed and persecuted thousand of Japanese
Christians
In order to keep Informed allowed two Dutch ships a year
to enter to trade at the port city of Nagasaki
Quick Review
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Why did Ming China Demand Europeans pay for goods with
gold and silver?
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Why did the Tokugawas turn against the Europeans?