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The Spread of the Roman Republic The Spread of Roman Power • Roman legions fight to expand the empire – Controlled central Italy by 390 BC • Were defeated an had Rome destroyed by the Gauls – They rebuilt and later controlled all of Italy by 265 BC • Rome keeps control with deals to people – Areas close to Rome allowed to… • Became full citizens of Rome • Have the same rights and could vote – Further areas given rights, couldn’t vote – Also couldn’t make treaties w/ others Trade Leads to War • Rome had great access to trade routes – Made merchants rich by selling products • Other cities were interfering with the money Rome could be making – Carthage- trade city of the Phoeicians • Both cities fought for control of the Mediterranean Sea – With it came incredible riches – Control meant all trade thru their city The Punic Wars 264-146 BC • Carthage and Rome fight for Mediterranean – Total of 3 wars fought • 1st Punic War- won by Rome – they take Sicily • 2nd Punic War- Hannibal destroys most of Rome • 3rd Punic War- Carthage is completely destroyed • Rome wins due to better army & mistakes • Effects of the war on both groups… – Rome wins, controls trade, wealth grows – Carthage no longer a major city Hannibal vs. Scipio • Hannibal- Carthaginian military leader – Brilliant military strategist, used elephants as weapons – Planned a surprise attack on Rome, to avenge a loss • Trip took them thru Spain and France to get to Italy – Greatest victory came at Cannae in 216 BC • Scipio- Roman military leader – Saves Rome by attacking Carthage – Forces Hannibal to return to defend – Romans defeat Hannibal at Zama (202 BC) Expansion After the Punic Wars • Rome expanded east after the Punic Wars – Took Macedonia, Greece and Anatolia • Also controlled Spain, parts of France – Empire now stretched from Spain to Asia • Benefits of Expansion – New citizens (partial and full) – More tax revenue and people for army • Also created many problems in Rome – Problems lead to the end of the republic Expansion Creates Major Issues • Growing empire led to the following problems – Increasing gap between rich and poor • Rich gained more land from war, poor did not • Rich also gained slaves- conquered people from war – Poor farmers could not compete against slave labor – Soldiers and small farmers lose their jobs • Came home to no job, or couldn’t compete • Moved to the cities to look for work • Many were homeless and hated the rich – Inflation hits- devaluation of money • Money will not buy what it used to with the increased wealth, prices go up The Republic Collapses • The republic slowly began to fall apart – Tiberius and Gaius try to save the republic • Tried to reform the land issues to fix problem • Both were killed for their ideas against the rich – Civil war breaks out b/w rich and poor • Political leaders build armies to gain power – Hired jobless soldiers to fight for them • Soldiers no longer fight for Rome • Rivalries b/w generals led to many battles for control of Rome The First Triumvirate • Triumvirate- group of three leaders • 3 Leaders come to power together – Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar • Caesar gained power by taking Gaul (France) – Caesar told to disband army by senators • He refuses adding another problem to republic • Civil war begins again over right v. wrong • Caesar then turned his armies on Rome – Attacks Pompey’s armies, defeats them – Pompey flees Rome, Caesar becomes ruler • Named dictator for life by Senate- an absolute ruler • Gets new title in 44 BC Julius Caesar’s Rule of Rome • Makes many changes to Rome – Granted Roman citizenship to people of conquered areas – Expanding the Senate • Added his friends and other supporters – Created jobs for the poor • Built new buildings in Rome • Started communities were people with no land could own land • Increased pay for soldiers on the Army • Senators did not like his popularity – Felt they would lose their influence w/ people – Assassinated J. Caesar on March 15, 44 BC • The “Ides of March”- prophecy of his death Ancient Rome After Caesar Life After Julius Caesar • Rome falls into civil war again • A new triumvirate comes to power – Octavian, Marc Antony and Lepidus • Three don’t share power long, Lepidus is forced to retire • Marc Antony falls in love with Cleopatra Octavian Takes Control • Octavian accuses Marc Antony of trying to rule Rome from Egypt – Rome breaks out in civil war again • Octavian defeats Antony at Battle of Actium – Marc Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide • Octavian takes full power- becomes Augustus – Takes the name Augutus- means “exalted one” – Also took name imperator- means “emperor” The Pax Romana • Pax Romana- time of peace in Rome – Starts about the time of Augustus’ reign (27BC) – Lasts for over 200 years • Population between this time is 6080 mil. • Empire covers most of Europe and Africa Economy of the Pax Romana • Economy was based on Agriculture – Many people farmed – Traded at sea, used Roman navy for protection – Traded along roads connected to the Silk Roads • Created a coin monetary system – Made of silver- called a denarius – Made trade easier because there was a common way to trade all over the empire Government and Emperors • Army had to protect all the lands – Allowed people to join; gave citizenship to them • Augustus set up a civil service – Paid people to run the government, like today • Augustus dies, son Tiberius takes over 14AD • Good Emperors of Pax Romana (96-180AD) – Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, Aurelius • Bad Emperors of Pax Romana (37-96AD) – Caligula, Nero, Domitian- 2 thought to be crazy Trajan Life in Imperial Rome • People did not live in the cities; lived in the countrysides- did business in cities • Society based around the family • Women close to equals to men; no voting • Boys favored over girls, girls don’t get names • Women married between 12-15 • Slaves played a major role in Roman society – Made about 1/3 of population