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Early People/PreCivilization { Ms. Gerloski, World History Unit 1 Humans Mankind's Success Story - HISTORY Channel Earliest People Originated from Africa Nomads: Wander in search of food Hunters/gathers: remain in one place until food supply runs out Migrated between 70,000 & 40,000 years ago The Greatest Migration(s) How did humans get from Africa to Asia, the Americas, Europe and Australia? Earliest People & Progress Food (survival) & technology drive humanity Nomads temporarily settle as hunter/gatherers Domestication: create tamed animals/herds for human use Food, protection, hunting aid Animals procreate– stable food source Earliest domesticated animals??? Settlement & Cities New tools = farming surplus food More food = more people! New tools + large sedentary pop. specialized labor social classes/government structure Cities and societies emerge CIVILIZATION How would these tools help early humans survive? Neolithic Revolution Name given to period of time in which humans stopped nomadic lifestyle and settled in cities Led to formation of civilization and culture 10,000 years ago in India & Middle East What is going on here? How is this different from hunting/gathering? Earliest People Defining Humans - HISTORY Channel Problems? Answer these questions on a sheet of paper 1. What problems might arise in the nomadic and hunter-gatherer lifestyles? (Give at least 3) 2. How might nomads dealt with, or fixed this problem? (Give at least 3) 3. What is so “special” about humans that allowed them to create civilizations? 4. What invention do you think impacted humans’ success the most? Mankind and Invention Mankind and Invention HISTORY Channel { CIVILIZATION The Beginning of Civilization What factors led to the growth of civilization over the nomadic lifestyle? What is a Civilization? A complex culture with 5 Characteristics: 1. Advanced Cities 2. Specialized workers 3. Complex institutions 4. Record keeping 5. Advanced technology 5 LARGE Characteristics of Civilization Language: Spreads ideas, keeps records (histories, taxes) Achievements: Important solutions to problems (weapons, technology, irrigation) Rules: Codes of behavior to follow (gov’t & religion create order) Geography: Location and land features (rivers & resources) Economics: Development of specialized labor and forms of trade. What do the 4 early civilizations (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus, China) have in common? 4 River Civilizations Nile River – Egypt Tigris & Euphrates Rivers – Mesopotamia Indus River – Indus Valley Yellow & Yangtzee Rivers – China Nile River Flooding What are the benefits of water? Access to fresh water For drinking, fishing Little sanitation Fertile Soil Grow crops Easy Transportation Quicker than land Ability to trade Create an Advertisement for Water Imagine you live in one of the 4 river civilizations Include a well thought-out image or picture Give at least 3 DETAILED benefits (not just “transportation”) Include a funny/interesting/ironic slogan for your advertisement You may work with ONE partner Why was Mesopotamia in the “Fertile Crescent?” Located in modern day Iraq Region has curved shape – sort of like a crescent moon Land is very fertile – located between two major rivers Farmers there grow wheat and barley But, it went through long periods without rain – How to solve this problem?? Indus Valley + Sanitation Located in Pakistan and India One of the earliest public water system Some cities had toilets connected to sewer system Wells used to bring water into homes What kind of fish call the Nile home? Nile Perch Tiger Fish Marbled Lungfish Problem/Solution Protection from invaders: build walls, ditches, military weapons, find allies Need water for crops: Irrigation ditches, man made streams Difficult to plant & harvest: tools (plows), selective planting, more people Need order and peace: create laws, police/army, religion, government Need to know when to plant and harvest: map the stars, weather patterns, almanacs/records LANGUAGE { Problems?? What are the problems with using pictures and drawings to represent ideas/things? How does our language (English) solve this problem? Written Language Origins… Who created the first alphabet? Spoken Language We don’t know when spoken language originated – no direct evidence Speculated at 100,000 – 300,000 years ago (??) Pre-dates any uniform written language Written Language Origins Cuneiform: Written Sumerian language (Mesopotamia) [Government?] Used for tax records Hieroglyphics: Picture writing of ancient Egypt (Religious?) Used symbols of common items in Egypt The Rosetta Stone 196 B.C. – tax records and statue construction orders Written in a spoken Egyptian dialect (demotic language), hieroglyphics and Greek 25 years to translate to hieroglyphics Discovered by Napoleon in 1799 A.D. We could read hieroglyphics by translating Greek to Egyptian & matching Egyptian to Hieroglyphics Ancient Mesopotamia Fertile Crescent “Cradle of Civilization” About 4000 BC Mesopotamia’s Successes Modern agriculture Organized irrigation World’s first city-states Trade internally and externally Crop surpluses allowed for long distance trade Continued Successes Created and used first known number system – emergence of math One of earliest written languages (Cuneiform, Phoenician alphabet) Culture Hammurabi’s Code – 1st uniform law code Placed importance of ridding society of evildoers, government responsibilities Polytheism: Many gods Gods controlled forces of nature TRE – Thesis, Reasons, Evidence Thesis (Complete): Mesopotamia was gifted as an early civilization because… TRE Continued Reasons: 1. It’s location gave it many environmental advantages. 2. (Think of your own) 3. (Think of your own) TRE part 3 Evidence: Reason 1: Location/Environment Evidence 1: located between two rivers, which made transportation within and outside the civilization easier Evidence 2: (think of your own) Ancient Egypt { Nile River Longest river in the world – 4,100 miles Life-blood Government & Religion Pharaohs are god-kings 31 dynasties Two kingdoms unite Polytheism Pharaohs continued ruling after death Mummification saved body for afterlife Pyramids and burial chambers Using the Nile Straw and reeds Narrow strip of fertile land Environment Desert barrier Less war, less trade Predictable flooding (seasons) Not much usable land Egyptian Burial Sarcophagus protects the physical body Social Structure (top) Royalty, landed/army, artisans/merchants, farmers/workers, slaves (bottom) Hierogylphics Papyrus – paper like plant Calendars, geometry, engineering, astronomy, columns, medicine