Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
139 Hoovervilles: Definition:Is the popular name for shanty town built by homeless people during the Great Depression. Description: They were named after Herbert Hoover who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and widely blamed for it. The term was coined by Charles Michelson, publicity chief of the Democratic National Committee. Significance: Homelessness was present before the Great Depression, and hobos and tramps were common sights before 1929. Most large cities built municipal lodging houses for them, but the depression exponentially increased demand. 140 Hoover Blankets: Definition: During the great depression, the homeless used old newspapers as blankets. There became known as "hoover blankets" after the United States president Herbert Hoover. Description: This was a Democratic term used to describe the poor conditions the homeless lived in. Other terms were Hoover flags (an empty pocket turned inside out). "Hoover leather" was cardboard used to line a shoe when the sole wore through and a "Hoover wagon" was an automobile with horses hitched to it because the owner could not afford fuel. Significance: These terms were made by the Democratic party which mocked the Presidents name. 141 Hobo’s: Definition:A hobo is a migratory worker or homeless vagabond, especially one who is penniless. The term originated in the Western United States during the last decade of the 19th century. Description: Hobos are workers who wander. The number of hobos increased greatly during the Great Depression era of the 1930s. With no work and no prospects at home, many decided to travel for free by freight train and try their luck elsewhere. Significance: It is unclear exactly when hobos first appeared on the American railroading scene. With the end of the American Civil War in the 1860s, many discharged veterans looking to return home took to hopping freight trains. Others looking for work on the American frontier followed the railways west aboard freight trains in the late 19th Century. 142 Reconstruction Refinance Corporation: Definition: This was an independent agency of the United States government.The agency gave $2 billion in aid to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations and other businesses. Description: The Reconstruction Finance Corporation spent $1.5 billion in 1932, $1.8 billion in 1933, and $1.8 billion in 1934. Then it dropped to about $350 million a year. The total loaned or otherwise disbursed by the RFC from 1932 through 1941 was $9.465 billion. Significance: The loans were nearly all repaid. It was continued by the New Deal and played a major role in handling the Great Depression of the United States and setting up the relief programs that were taken over by the New Deal in 1933. 143 Hoover Dam: Definition: once known as Boulder Dam, is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the US states of Arizona and Nevada. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Description: Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives. The dam was controversially named after President Herbert Hoover. Significance: Since about 1900, the Black Canyon and nearby Boulder Canyon had been investigated for their potential to support a dam that would control floods, provide irrigation water and produce hydroelectric power. The dam's generators provide power for public and private utilities in Nevada, Arizona, and California. 144 Election of 1932: Definition:The election took place in the midst of the Great Depression that had ruined the promises of incumbent President and Republican candidate Herbert Hoover to bring about a new era of prosperity. Economic issues were a dominant topic in this election. The two candidates were Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Description: Roosevelt united all wings of the party, avoided divisive cultural issues such as religion and the Ku Klux Klan, promised to end prohibition, and brought in a leading southern conservative as his running mate, John Nance Garner of Texas. Significance: Roosevelt won by a landslide in both the electoral and popular vote, receiving the highest percentage of the popular vote for a Democratic nominee since Andrew Jackson 100 years prior.This critical election marked the collapse of the Fourth Party System, which had been dominated by the Republicans. 146 21st Amendment: Definition:The 21st Amendment to the United States Constitution repealed the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which had mandated nationwide prohibition of alcohol on January 17, 1920. The Twenty-first amendment was ratified on December 5, 1933. Description: It is unique among the 27 Amendments of the U.S. Constitution for being the only one to repeal a previous Amendment. Significance:The 21st Amendment is the only constitutional amendment ratified by state conventions rather than by the state legislatures. 147 22nd Amendment: Definition: The 22nd Amendment of the United States Constitution sets a term limit for election to the office of President of the United States. Description:Historians point to George Washington’s decision not to seek a third term as evidence that the founders saw a two-term limit as a bulwark against a monarchy. Thomas Jefferson also contributed to the convention of a two-term limit when he wrote in 1807, "if some termination to the services of the chief Magistrate be not fixed by the Constitution, or supplied by practice, his office, nominally four years, will in fact become for life.” Significance:Prior to Franklin D. Roosevelt, few Presidents attempted to serve for more than two terms.Supporters cited the war in Europe as a reason for breaking with precedent, thus Franklin Roosevelt was the only President to have served more than two terms. 148 Keynesian Economics: Definition:In the Keynesian view, aggregate demand does not necessarily equal the productive capacity of economy; instead, it is influenced by a host of factors and sometimes behaves erratically, affecting production, employment, and inflation. Description:The theories forming the basis of Keynesian economics were first presented by the British economist John Maynard Keynes in his book which was published during the Great Depression. Significance:Keynesian economists often argue that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes which require active policy responses. Keynesian economics advocates a mixed economy. 149 The 100 Days: Definition:President Roosevelt called Congress into special session on 9 March 1933, determined to put his plan of "bold, persistent experimentation" into action, a flurry of legislative accomplishment unprecedented in American history. Description: On the very first day of the special session, Congress passed Roosevelt's bill to stabilize the country's failing banking system.The House passed Roosevelt's banking bill unanimously, after just 38 minutes of debate, without even seeing the text of the legislation. Significance:Roosevelt's Hundred Days program was all over the map; his first government spending bill was more conservative than anything.No one could accuse Franklin D. Roosevelt or the Hundred Days Congress of failing to "above all, try something." 150 Relief-CCC,PWA,WPA Definition:The Civilian Conservation Corps provided work for the jobless in National Forests. The Public Works Administration created new public works program.The Works Progress Administration was the largest and most ambitious New Deal agency, employing millions of unemployed people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public work projects including the construction of public buildings and roads. Description:The WPA was a national program that operated its own projects in cooperation with state and local governments, which provided 10%-30% of the costs.The CCC goals were to salvage the young men in America and to conserve the environment.The people in the PWA built dams,bridges,schools, and hospitals. Significance: These agencies were all apart of Roosevelt’s New Deal. 151 Recovery-NIRA, CCC Definition:The National Industrial Recovery Act was a law passed by Congress in 1933 to authorize the President to regulate industry in an attempt to raise prices after severe deflation and stimulate economic recovery.The CCC was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families, ages 18– 25. Description:The CCC was designed to provide jobs for young men, to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression.The NIRA Act had two main sections.Title I was devoted to industrial recovery, and authorized the promulgation of industrial codes of fair competition, guaranteed trade union rights, permitted the regulation of working standards, and regulated the price of certain refined petroleum products and their transportation. Title II established the Public Works Administration, outlined the projects and funding opportunities it could engage in, and funded the Act. Significance: These acts were made in the hope of raising the economy again. 152 Reform-FDIC,Social Security, Minimum Wage: Definition: The FDIC provides deposit insurance guaranteeing the safety of a depositor’s accounts in member banks. The Social Security act was an attempt to limit what were seen as dangers in the modern American life, including old age, poverty, unemployment, and the burdens of widows and fatherless children.A minimum wage is the lowest hourly, daily or monthly remuneration that employers may legally pay to workers. Description:FDIC also examines and supervises certain financial institutions for safety and soundness, performs certain consumer-protection functions, and manages banks in receiverships.The Social Security Act provided benefits to retirees and the unemployed, and a lump-sum benefit at death.A Minimum wage is such a wage that it not only guarantees bare subsistence and preserves efficiency but also provides for education, medical requirements and some level of comfort. Significance:Since the start of FDIC insurance on January 1, 1934, no depositor has lost any insured funds as a result of a failure. By signing this act on August 14, 1935, President Roosevelt became the first president to advocate federal assistance for the elderly.All these acts still exist today. 153 Schechter Poultry v. US Definition:Also known as the "sick chicken case"; declared unconstitutional parts of the NIRA that gave the president some of congress's right to regulate commerce. Description:This included price and wage fixing, as well as requirements regarding the sale of whole chickens, including unhealthy ones. The government claimed the Schechter sold sick poultry. Significance:Court invalidated the industrial "codes of fair competition" which the NIRA enabled the President to issue. The Court held that the codes violated the constitutional separation of powers as an impermissible delegation of legislative power to the executive branch. The Court also held that the NIRA provisions were in excess of congressional power under the Commerce Clause. 154 Court Packing Scheme: Definition:This plan would allow the president to appoint a new Supreme Court justice whenever an incumbent judge reached seventy and failed to retire; a maximum of six judges could be named in this manner. Description:When President FDR's New Deal Program met with opposition by Supreme Court members, he deceitfully packed the court with a sufficient number of political cronies (those who supported his plan) to get it approved and declared Constitutional. Significance:Congress believed Roosevelt's proposal endangered the Court's independence and said no. 155 2nd New Deal-Wagner Act, TVA Definition:In 1925 president roosevelt launched a new set of programs and reforms which were called this. The Wagner Act established defined unjust labor practices, secured workers the right to bargain collectively, and established the National Labor Relations Board. The TVA was a New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley. Description:The Wagner Act does not apply to workers who are covered by the Railway Labor Act, agricultural employees, domestic employees, supervisors, federal, state or local government workers, independent contractors and some close relatives of individual employers.TVA was envisioned not only as a provider, but also as a regional economic development agency that would use federal experts and electricity to rapidly modernize the region's economy and society. Significance:The Wagner Act guarantees basic rights of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining for better terms and conditions at work, and take collective action including strike if necessary.TVA was envisioned not only as a provider, but also as a regional economic development agency that would use federal experts and electricity to rapidly modernize the region's economy and society. 156 Effectiveness Of New Deal-Liberty League, Father Coughlin, Dr.Townshend,Huey Long Definition:The New Deal was extremely effective, in controlling prices and wages, droves of workers were kept out of jobs. This had to happen to keep folks desperate enough to allow the New Deal socialist policies to take root. As for the economy, the nation would have collapsed under its own weight, and WW2 was a 'godsend' to Roosevelt, as it temporarily ramped up industry to meet the demand for war goods. From an economist's standpoint, it introduced a great deal of extreme distortion to the market, which prevented it from self-correcting, as any free market will do.The Liberty League was an American political organization formed in 1934, primarily by conservative democrats to oppose the New Deal.Father Coughlin was a vocal supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his early New Deal proposals, before later becoming a harsh critic of Roosevelt as too friendly to bankers. Dr. Townshend was an American physician who was best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression.A supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election, Long split with Roosevelt in June 1933 to plan his own presidential bid for 1936 in alliance with radio's influential Catholic priest Charles Coughlin. Description: The Liberty League was highly active for just 2 years.Father Coughlin used radio to spread his message and ideas. Dr. Townshend influenced the establishment of the Roosevelt’s administration Social Security system.Huey Long was assassinated in 1935 and his national movement faded, while his state organization continued in Louisiana. Significance: These people and groups were all against Roosevelt’s New Deal although it did help the nation and its peoples. 157 War Time Economic Recovery: Definition:The economy recovered from the Depression only with the advent of World War II which pushed demand for goods and services to the limit of its capacity. Description: With the war going on over in Europe the US was a supplier to the countries that were fighting.There was an increase of demand in everything because it was scarce. Significance: The economy went up because of the war and people did much better. An example of this are the farmers which had been hit very hard during the depression as did everybody else. 158 Washington Naval Conference: Definition:This was a military conference called by President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. Description: It was attended by nine nations the United States, Japan,China,France ,Britain, Italy,Belgium,Netherlands, and Portugal regarding interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. Significance:It was the first international conference held in the United States and the first disarmament conference in history. 159 London Economic Conference: Definition:This was a meeting of representatives of 66 nations from June 12 to July 27, 1933, at the Geological Museum in London. Description:Its purpose was to win agreement on measures to fight global depression, revive international trade, and stabilize currency exchange rates. Significance:The Conference was "torpedoed" by US President Roosevelt in early July, when Roosevelt denounced currency stabilization. 160 Nye Committee Report: Definition: The committee was formed to investigate whether or not munitions manufacturers and bankers were pro-war in WWI only to make profit. Description: This increased anti-war atmosphere and push to pass Neutrality Acts. Significance:The findings of the committee gave momentum to the non-interventionist movement and sparked the passage of the Neutrality Acts. 161 Neutrality Laws of 1935-1938 Definition:These laws were passed in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia. Description:The legacy of the Neutrality Acts is widely regarded as having been generally negative: they made no distinction between aggressor and victim, treating both equally as "belligerents"; and they limited the US government's ability to aid Britain and France. Significance:The acts were largely repealed in 1941, in the face of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. 162 America First Committee: Definition:This was a leading isolationist group advocating that America focus on continental defense and non-involvement with the European war. Description: It started in 1940, it shut down after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Significance:Peaking at 800,000 paid members in 650 chapters, it was one of the largest anti-war organizations in American history. 163 Preparedness Movement: Definition:An American movement which felt that US military must be prepared to help Great Britain. Description:Originally a campaign led by Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt to strengthen the military of the United States after the outbreak of WWI. Significance:In June 1916 Congress passed the National Defense Act of 1916 to authorize an enormous increase in the size of the military, and the Preparedness Movement faded. 164 Destroyer Deal: Definition:America gave Great Britain 50 old destroyers from WWI in exchange for eight defensive bases in the Americas. Description:It was a legal cover for the Americans to aid the British against Germany without violating the Neutrality Act. Significance:There was a majority opinion that we shouldn't get involved in wars out of our hemisphere. 165 Lend-Lease: Definition: A law that made the US the "arsenal for democracy" by providing supposedly temporary military material assistance to Great Britain. Description: This was nine months before the U.S. entered the war in December 1941. Significance:A total of $50.1 billion worth of supplies were shipped: $31.4 billion to Britain. 166 Atlantic Charter: Definition: This charter outlined a vision in which a world would abandon their traditional beliefs in military alliances and spheres of influence and govern their relations with one another through democratic process, with an international organization serving as the arbiter of disputes and the protector of every nation's right of self determination. Description:It upheld rights of free trade and choice of government, and it became the plan for postwar peace. Significance:The Charter stated the ideal goals of the war: no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; free access to raw materials; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations. 167 Four Freedoms: Definition:1941; FDR proposed four fundamental freedoms for people:freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. Description:Roosevelt delivered his speech 11 months before the United States declared war on Japan. Significance: FDR thought that everyone in the world should be able to enjoy these freedoms. 168 The 3rd Term: Definition:Franklin Roosevelt won the presidency for a third term; in so doing, he broke the precedent of not serving more than two terms set by George Washington and kept by all subsequent presidents. Description: Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first president to serve for more than 2 terms. Significance:Roosevelt's success in 1940 and again in 1944 eventually led to the 22nd Amendment in 1951, limiting presidents to two terms. 169 Peacetime Draft: Definition: Both the Congress and the president were concerned with the military expansion of Germany, Japan, and Italy. By implementing a draft, the United States government would be better prepared if the nation became involved in the military conflicts raging in other parts of the world. Description: The selective training and service act made all men from the ages of 21-35 register with local draft boards. Significance:Later, when the U.S. entered WWII, all men aged 18 to 45 were made subject to military service, and all men aged 18 to 65 were required to register. 170 Appeasement: Definition:term for the British-French policy of attempting to prevent war by granting German demands. Description:The term is most often applied to the foreign policy of the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain towards Nazi Germany between 1937 and 1939. His policies of avoiding war with Germany have been the subject of intense debate for seventy years among academics, politicians and diplomats. Significance:Since Chamberlain's essentially unsuccessful negotiations with Hitler in 1938, the word "appeasement" has often been used as a synonym for weakness and even cowardice, and the term is still frequently used in reference to these negotiations, as a denouncement of any treaties or international agreements which might appear as a form of "submission" to a threat of aggression. 171 Munich Conference: Definition:European diplomatic conference in 1938 where Britain and France conceded to Hitler's demands for Czechoslovakia Description:It is widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement toward Germany Significance:The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of the Sudetenland in the face of ethnic demands made by Adolf Hitler. 172 Mutual Non-Aggression Pact: Definition:Agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to go to war with one another if a third party attacked one another, and also included allowing the Soviets to be divided a portion of the land Hitler from countries Hitler was planning to overthrow. Description: The pact separated Germany and Japan from forming a military alliance, thus allowing Stalin to concentrate on Japan. Significance:The pact remained in effect until 22 June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union. 173 Poland, September 3, 1939 Definition:This was a series of killings that took place at Auschwitz. The Nazi’s killed many polish and jews at this concentration camp. Description:The number of casualties and other details of the incident are disputed among historians. The Nazis exploited the deaths as grounds for a massacre of Polish inhabitants after the Wehrmacht captured the town. Significance: This was an experiment to see how effective gas was on killing people. 174 Blitzkrieg: Definition:This describes all-motorised force concentration of tanks, infantry, artillery, combat engineers and air power, concentrating overwhelming force at high speed to break through enemy lines, and, once the lines are broken, proceeding without regard to its flank. Description: Through maneuver warfare, the blitzkrieg attempts to keep its enemy off-balance, making it difficult to respond effectively at any given point before the front has already moved on. Significance:Blitzkrieg operations were very effective during the campaigns of 1939–1941. These operations were dependent on surprise penetrations, general enemy unpreparedness, and an inability to react swiftly enough to the attacker's offensive operations. 175 Fall of France: Definition:The months following the collapse of Poland were known as the "phony war." The Soviet Union took over Finland despite Congress loaning $30 million to Finland. Hitler overran Denmark and Norway in April 1940, ending the "phony war." Hitler then moved on to the Netherlands and Belgium. By late June 1940, France was forced to surrender. Description:When France surrendered, Americans realized that England was all that stood between Hitler controlling all of Europe. Roosevelt moved with tremendous speed to call upon the nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy. Congress approved a spending of $37 billion. On September 6, 1940, Congress passed a conscription law; under this measure, America's first peacetime draft was initiated-provision was made for training 1.2 million troops and 800,000 reserves each year. Significance: With the Netherlands, Denmark, and France all fallen to German control, it was unsure what would happen to the colonies of Latin America (the New World). At the Havana Conference of 1940, the United States agreed to share with its 20 New World neighbors the responsibility of upholding the Monroe Doctrine. 176 Battle of Britain: Definition:This was the name given to the Second World War air campaign waged by the German Air Force against the United Kingdom during the summer and autumn of 1940. Description:The objective of the campaign was to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force, especially Fighter Command. Significance:The Battle of Britain was the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces and was also the largest and most sustained aerial bombing campaign to that date.