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Chapter 5 Operating System • Operating system software is in the broader category of “system software”. • Categories of operating systems • Operating system (OS) tasks: – Providing the user interaction – Managing the processor, memory, hardware – Interacting with application software – Starting the computer up – Utilities programs • Windows features and file management Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 1 Tasks of operating system 1/2 • Controls computer functions (hardware, processor, memory, peripheral devices) • Provides means for software to work with CPU • Responsible for management, scheduling, and interaction of tasks • Provides user interface Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 2 Tasks of operating system 2/2 • Utilities programs - small programs that perform computer housekeeping tasks related to: – Backup – Security – Diagnostics – Maintenance – Recovery – Etc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 3 Real-Time Operating Systems • An operating system with a specific purpose. • Also called embedded system • Found in: – Automobiles – Printers – VoIP phones – Medical devices – Robotic equipment Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 4 Network Operating Systems • Most OS’s have networking capabilities which implies the following: – The OS allows access to the computer system by more than one user – The OS manages user requests • OS’s with network capabilities include: – UNIX (designed for mainframe) – Linux (variety of mainframes and supercomputers) – Actually OS’s for PCs such as Windows XP through Windows 10, Mac OSX, and Linux PC OS also have networking capabilities! Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5 UNIX OS • Unix operating system is primarily for mainframes. • UNIX was developed by AT&T Bell Labs. They licensed it to Santa Cruz Operating Group. • Vendors can modify UNIX code. Some vendor versions: – Hewlett-Packard has HP/UX – Sun version has Solaris – IBM’s has AIX Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 6 Commercial computers OS’s • On Mainframes, the OS network capabilities handles hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. • Examples: – z/OS is an OS for the IBM zSeries mainframe. – Linux OS for mainframe – Linux OS for supercomputers Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 7 Smartphones OS’s (single user multitask OS) • Old cell phone + old PDAs = new Smartphones • Some smartphone OS’s: – Microsoft Windows Phone 7 – iPhone iOS – Google Android (is Linux based) • It is a computer, phone, camera, Internet browser. Runs apps, including GPS Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8 Desktop and Notebook Operating Systems • An operating system combined with a processor is known as a platform – Microsoft Windows OS with Intel and AMD processors – Apple Macintosh OS with Motorola, IBM, and Intel processors • OS not interchangeable between platforms • Most Applic. software is platform specific • Note Macs and Windows PCs can be networked tog. 9 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Microsoft Windows • Originally a single-user OS, but starting with Windows XP, is multi-user OS because it include networking capabilities • Windows 10 is newest version • Some systems have touch screen functionality • Microsoft strived to increased functionality, improve user-friendliness, Internet, and privacy and security Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 10 Mac OS • First commercially available OS with pointand-click technology (GUI) • Excellence in Graphics display, Processing, System reliability, File backup • Fewer applications avail than for Windows • More expensive • Can run Windows in “boot camp” utility • Networkable (making it multi-user) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 11 Mac vs. Windows • Similar functionality • Streamlined user interface • Window-like work areas on the desktop Mac Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Windows 12 Linux • Linus Torvalds created as a student in college, Finland ‘91 • Open-source operating system (source code is avail.) • Stable system based on UNIX • Code tweaked by Gnu Project • Free (download from Internet) – Linux distributors (Red Hat, Ubuntu, Fedora, Suse) sell versions for the support they provide.. • Linux is Open Source software (other such OpenOffice, MySQL) • networkable Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 13 What the OS Does Next 8 slides… • Provides a user interface (see next slide) • Manages the CPU • Manages memory and storage • Manages hardware and peripheral devices • Coordinates application software with the CPU Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 14 The User Interface • Enables you to interact with the Command-driven computer • Types of interfaces: – Command-driven interface (In Windows 8: START button > All Apps > Windows System Category > Command prompt; Or search on “cmd”, press <enter>.) – Menu-driven interface – Graphical user interface Menu-driven Graphical Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as 15 Processor Management (“interrupt”, “stacks” etc (details) of this slide not required) • Controls the timing of events the processor works on – Multitasking – Interrupts – Interrupt handler – Interrupt table – Stack - OS puts reminder where it left off when it was interrupted and did other event (task) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 16 System Requirements - Windows 8 Windows 8.1 • 4GB for x64 (64-bit) systems • [ 2GB of RAM for x86 systems (32bit)], • __MB of video RAM • other Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 17 Upgrade to Windows ?? Considerations/research needed • Is support for your current OS expiring soon? • Many times current OS is best fitted to your equipment • Make sure your software and devices are compatible; Recommended that you use Windows ?? “Upgrade Advisor” – Can download this program. It scans your computer to see what software (and drivers for hardware) are on your computer and whether compatible with Win 7. – Then if software not compatible, you need to research it to find its update -- or uninstall it. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 18 Virtual Memory • Instructions and data are stored in RAM temporarily as program is running. From there they go to CPU to be executed. • IF RAM GETS FULL, the data is forced to get stored on hard drive • This hard drive location is called Swap file (= Page file) • Terms: swapping = paging – Thrashing – excessive paging or swapping Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 19 Hardware and Peripheral Device Management • Device drivers - software for your hardware – Software (program) that enables the operating system to communicate with a peripheral devices. – Provided by the manufacturer of the device • Plug and Play – Hardware/software standard (since Wins 95) – Facilitates the installation of new hardware b/c Windows OS has many drivers “on file” (So you do not have to install them w/ disc.) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 20 Device Manager •Windows 8: Rightclick ThisPC, Props, link at left is Device Manager •Or right click on START and select Device Manager © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 21 Starting the Computer The boot process BIOS - Basic Input Output System 1. BIOS is activated from ROM chip connected to on switch. 2. A POST checks attached hardware. 3. The OS loads from hard drive into RAM. 4. Configuration and customization settings are checked. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 22 Handling Errors in the Boot Process (this slide not required) Safe mode • When Windows does not boot properly, one can boot into safe mode • It is a diagnostic mode where minimal drivers are started up – allowing you to troubleshoot. For ex, from safe mode, you can uninstall any new devices or software that were causing the current issues and then try reinstalling. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 23 The Desktop This is older Windows Vista Desktop! Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Covered in Windows 8 Chapter 24 Windows Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Covered in Windows 8 Chapter 25 in File Management Covered Windows 8 Chapter • The operating system provides an organizational structure for the computer’s contents. • Hierarchical structure of directories: – Drives • Folders Subfolders » Files • Windows 8: ThisPC (Documents, Pictures, Videos) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 26 File Management Covered in Windows 8 Chapter Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 27 Viewing Files and Folders • Many views available Covered in Windows 8 Chapter – Details (Can sort on various columns, shows additional info - details) – Large Icon view PPT slides (shows title slide) – Extra Large Icon view – Tiles view (default view of Computers) – List view – Small and Medium Icon views Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 28 File Name Extensions 1/2 Extension Type of Document Application .doc Word processing document Microsoft Word 2003 .docx Word processing document Microsoft Word 2007 .xlsx Spreadsheet Microsoft Excel 2007 .accdb Database Microsoft Access 2007 .pptx PowerPoint presentation Microsoft PowerPoint 2007 .pdf Portable Document Format .txt Text Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Adobe Acrobat or Adobe Reader Any program that can read text documents 29 File Name Extensions 2/2 Extension Type of Document Application Hyper Text Markup Language for a Web page Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) image Graphic Interchange Format (GIF) image Any program that can read HTML Most programs capable of displaying images Most programs capable of displaying images .bmp Bitmap image Windows .zip Compressed file WinZip .htm or .html .jpg .gif Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 30 Naming Files • File name: Name assigned plus file name extension – Ex: You type my paper and Word 2013 saves it as my paper.docx • Up to 255 characters • Characters not legal in Windows file names: “ / \ * ? < > | : • Character not legal in Mac file names: : • Mac file names are case sensitive • (I like to avoid a dot in my file name.) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 31 File Path • File path or pathname (location of file): • Use /’s or \’s . A colon follows the drive name Practice - navigate to the folder &/or file specified: C:\Users\your_name\Documents S:\perel\CS101\old stuff\aa_prac\one.txt Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 32 Working with Files • File management actions – Open – Copy – Move – Rename – Delete • Recycle Bin (Windows) (only files deleted from C: are recoverable such as from Documents or Pictures folders.) – Called Trash on Mac Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 33 Utility Programs • Utility program (definition) - small application program that performs special functions (“housekeeping” functions, to manage resources, customize computer) example: Display Properties Utility • Change the appearance of: Desktop, Win 7/Vista: Rt-click desktop, Personalization Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as 34 Utility – Programs and Features Use Programs and Features: • Win 8: Control Panel > Programs > Programs and Features (NOTE: To get to control panel, right click START button) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as 35 Utility - File Compression 1/2 Reduce the size of a file by removing redundancies. This means repeated patterns of characters in the file are replaced with few characters. For example in the sentence: The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain. the “ain” pattern might be replaced by the single character “*”. Thus 1 character replaces 3 characters and reduces the size of the file. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 36 Utility - File Compression 2/2 Zip: Right click on file/folder, select Send to > Compressed Folder Unzip: To unzip is to extract or uncompress. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 37 System Maintenance Utilities • Disk Cleanup – Removes unnecessary files; you can choose to delete: downloaded program files, temporary Internet files, offline Web pages, deleted files in Recycle Bin – Right-click C: drive, Props, General tab, Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 38 System Maintenance Utilities • Disk defragmenter: – Regroups related pieces of files – Right-click C: drive, Props, Tools tab • Error checker: – Checks for lost files and fragments – Right-click C: drive, Props, Tools tab Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 39 System Maintenance Utilities Task Manager: • ctrl + alt + del • Unfreeze frozen program – Click End Task on non-responding program • See apps running • See processes running • If ctrl + alt +del doesn’t work, turn computer off by power button. Then turn it back on. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as 40 System Restore • Restores your computer to previous point in time. – Choose the last restore point or an earlier date when you know your computer was working okay.. – PC will restart . Process can takes 3 - 60 minutes. – Create restore points too. It’s in Control Panel: System and Security > System, – system restore vide??o System Protection link at left Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 41 Other Utilities • Utilities for “Maintaining your computer” (separate notes) – Disk clean up, error checking and defrag. – Restore point and more drastic measures of Refresh your PC and reset. • Backup: Creates a copy of the hard drive (or specific files) to another storage device – Win 7/Vista: Control Panel > Sys & Security, Backup and Restore – Wins 8: Control Panel > System & Security > File History • Utility - accommodates for disabilities: – Win 7/Vista: Accessories folder > Ease of Access folder They contain Magnifier, Narrator, speech recognition, etc – Win 8: Start > AllCopyright Apps >© Windows 2011 Pearson Accessories > Ease of Education, Inc. Publishing as 42 Access Right-click START button for: • • • • Control panel Task Manager File Explorer Others: – Programs and Features – System – Device Manager – Command Prompt Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 43