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Chapter 5 Changes Over Time Earth’s surface includes features such as bodies of water and landforms. hydrosphere - the part of earth that contains water latitude - shows location north or south of the equator longitude - shows location west or east of the prime meridian elevation - the height above or below sea level crust - Earth’s solid, rocky surface mantle - the layer beneath the crust lithosphere - made up of the crust and the rigid part of the mantle core - the central part of the Earth Water covers about 75% of Earth’s surface. Water can be found in many different forms: as a solid (snow & ice) as a liquid (oceans, lakes, & rivers) as water vapor or water droplets (clouds, mist, rain, & dew) Water exists as salt water or fresh water. 95% of water is salt water. Made up of sodium chloride & magnesium chloride Salinity describes how much salt is dissolved in water. Most fresh water is in the form of ice. Glaciers are large sheets of slow moving ice. Valley glaciers form at high elevations, such as mountains. Continental glaciers cover large parts of the polar regions. Summarize Where is water found in Earth’s hydrosphere? Water is found in oceans, rivers, lakes, glaciers, and the atmosphere. Critical Thinking Why is water on Earth’s surface found sometimes as a solid and sometimes as a liquid? Temperature differences due to elevation and latitude determine water’s state. Mountain ranges, plains, & plateaus are examples of landforms. Some landforms can be classified by their height above or below sea level. Low regions include plains and basins. Plains are large, flat areas of land. Basins are regions where rivers in the surrounding area flow. High regions Plateaus are large areas of flat, raised land above sea level. Plateaus may wear away to form smaller structures such as buttes and mesas. Mountains are masses of rock that rise more than 610 meters above the surrounding land. Groups of mountains in long, narrow belts are called mountain ranges. A relief map shows regions of different heights in different colors. The Continental Divide is a ridge running from Mexico to Canada. West of the ridge, water runs towards the Pacific Ocean. East of the ridge, water runs towards the Atlantic Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico. Summarize Write a short summary of the major land forms found in the United States. The United States contains: plains, basins, plateaus, mountains, mountain ranges, deserts, and the Continental Divide. Critical Thinking How could people know whether they were on a plain or on a plateau without being told? A person could dig and search for clues about water levels. Height above sea level is the major distinction between plains and plateaus. We use lines of latitude & longitude. Latitude shows locations north or south of the equator. Longitude shows location east or west of the prime meridian. The prime meridian passes through Greenwich, England. Latitude above the equator is north. Latitude below the equator is south. Longitude to the right of the prime meridian is east. Longitude to the left of the prime meridian is west. Topographical maps show elevation. Contour lines connect places on a map that have the same elevation Elevation is used to reference places on the Earth. Altitude is for elevation in the air. Summarize Summarize how you would find the location of a city on a globe. You would find the latitude and longitude lines closest to the city. The point where they crossed would be near the city’s location. Critical Thinking Which kind of map would you prefer to bring on a camping trip: a globe or a topographical map? Why? A topographical map because it has elevation data and is easier to carry than a globe. Also, the globe would not provide enough detail about local areas. Hydrosphere is the part of Earth that contains water. Atmosphere is the layer of gasses that surround Earth. The Earth is made up of layers. Evidence is provided by earthquakes and volcanoes. Crust – Earth’s solid, rocky surface Contains continents and ocean floor Mantle – Layer beneath the crust Upper part of mantle is solid and rigid Lower part is very hot and flows like plastic putty Lithosphere – Crust and upper part of mantle Core – Central part of Earth Outer core is the molten, or fluid, part of the core Inner core is solid Core is very dense and under high pressure Summarize Write a brief summary of the different layers that make up Earth’s interior. The crust is the outermost, rocky layer; the mantle is the layer beneath the crust; the outer core is the molten part of the core; the inner core is the solid part of the core. The lithosphere is made up of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. Critical Thinking What conditions might make travel to the center of earth very difficult? High pressure, high temperature, no light, no food, no air