Download 100r - Chapters 1

He argued that to escape their brutish
lives, people entered into a social
contract, whereby they gave up their
natural tendency for disorder for an
organized society, which was needed to
impose order and compel obedience.
Thomas Hobbes
He published Mathematical Principles
of Natural Philosophy in 1686 in which
he applied new approaches in science
and mathematics; and united the heavens
and the earth in a vast, cosmic system.
Isaac Newton
He viciously attacked the French
monarchy and the Roman Catholic
Church. His battle cry against the Church,
which he held responsible for fanaticism,
intolerance and incalculable human
suffering was ecrasez l’infame, “crush
the damned thing!” He also remarked that
his trade was to say what he thought.
Voltaire
He published Persian Letters in which
he criticized the lifestyle and freedoms of
the rich, especially the nobility and upper
clergy. (Horace, Odes III. 30) But his most
famous work was On the Spirit of Laws,
published in 1748.
Baron de Montesquieu
He sought to identify the principles of
psychology and argued that all human
knowledge come from sense perceptions.
He argued that people were basically
reasonable and moral, and that they had
natural rights that belonged to all humans
by virtue of birth. These included life,
liberty and property.
John Locke
He broke from the Roman church over an
annulment he wanted from his wife,
Catherine of Aragon. (Books are wrong in
saying he wanted a divorce.) The pope
wanted to grant the annulment, but was a
prisoner of Catherine’s nephew, Charles
V. He remained Catholic, but not Roman
Catholic and the English church did not
change much until his death in 1547
Henry VIII
After taking the throne, He instituted a
policy of forced and rapid modernization.
He sent Russians abroad to learn in
European countries and he himself went
on his own tour of Germany, the
Netherlands, and England to learn about
Western industrial and military technology
Peter the Great
He discovered a vaccine for smallpox
Edward Jenner
He demonstrated that planetary orbits
are elliptical, not circular.
Johannes Keppler
He argued that a law of universal
gravitation regulates the motions of
bodies throughout the universe, and he
offered precise mathematical
explanations of the laws that govern
movements of bodies on the earth. His
work symbolized the scientific revolution,
that is to say, direct observation and
mathematical reasoning.
Isaac Newton
He published a treatise On the
Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres
which pointed astronomy in a new
direction; Now the sun was the center of
the universe. It was a challenge to
religious thinkers of the day, but inspired
some astronomers to examine the
heavens in new ways
Nicolas Copernicus
This is the economic system in which
private parties make their goods and
services available on a free market and
seek to take advantage of market
conditions to profit from their activities.
Capitalism
She was a child of the Enlightenment, but
pointed out to Diderot that you write on
paper, but I have to write on human
skin, which is more ticklish. She did
enact one long needed reform, however,
when she restricted the punishments that
landowners could mete out to serfs
working their lands. (Beatings, torture and
mutilation)
Catherine the Great
In his Second Century CE Almagest, he
envisioned a motionless earth surrounded
by nine spheres: sun, moon, Mercury,
Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, the
stars and the 9th was the Cosmos.
Beyond those was God. This concept of
an unchanging world was the standard
until the work of the astronomers.
Claudius Ptolemy
He sought to justify capitalism as
beneficial to society and held that society
would never prosper until individuals
pursued their own economic interests. In
his book, The Wealth of Nations, he
argued that the free market with its
natural forces of supply and demand
should be allowed to operate and
regulate business
Adam Smith
These Philosophes believed in the
existence of a god (note a and the little
g), but denied the supernatural teaching
of Christianity, such as Jesus’ Virgin
Birth and his resurrection
Deists
_____________ delivered unfinished
materials like raw wool to rural
households. Men and women in the
countryside would then spin the wool into
yarn, weave the yarn into cloth, cut the
clothes according to patterns, and
assemble the pieces into garments. The
entrepreneur then paid the workers for
their services, picked up the finished
products and sold them on the open
market
The Putting Out System
_______________instituted the Pale in
1791 to prevent Jews from joining the
growing Russian Middle Class. Jews
were forbidden to live in agricultural
communities and forced to move to small
provincial towns. The Pale caused much
suffering and many Jews emigrated
mainly to the United States.
Catherine the Great
This German metalworker and inventor,
combined metal, movable type, oil based
inks and the printing press which allowed
the rapid printing of written materials
which caused an information explosion in
Europe.
Johannes Gutenburg
The construction of this “Window to the
West” cost thousands of serf’s lives to
build and so was later called “the city
built on bones.” Yet the city provided a
haven for Russia’s new navy and offered
access to western European lands
through the Baltic Sea.
St Petersburg
The __________ Empire was created
when Charles V’s younger brother,
Ferdinand, inherited Charles’ Austrian
and German possessions.
Austrian
This king became a great patron of the
arts and even imported Italian craftsmen
and artists (including Leonardo da Vinci).
But he also learned from Machiavelli as
he allied with the Ottoman Sultan to keep
the Holy Roman Emperor from becoming
too strong
Francis I (of France)
He was convinced that this mathematical
method of study could be extended to all
human studies. He expressed his idea in
the Latin Cogito, ergo sum (“I think,
therefore I am) by which he meant that
the external world must exist. And, if it
exists, it can be studied and understood.
Rene Descartes
In Geneva, he organized a community,
became a sort of theological dictator and
wrote his theological ideas in his
Institutes of the Christian Religion. He
developed the teaching of Predestination,
thus making an even more radical break
from the Church of Rome than the
Anglicans or the Lutherans.
John Calvin
While recuperating from a terrible leg
wound, he read spiritual works and
popular accounts of saints’ lives. His life
changed and he resolved to put his
energy into religious work. In 1540 he
founded a new religious order: the
Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits
St. Ignatius Loyola
They were the French followers of John
Calvin and their militant attitudes caused
much turmoil and religious warfare in
France for 36 years. A horrible high point
came in1572 on the night of the 23/24 of
August, when some 8,000 of them were
massacred in the (in)famous St.
Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.
Huguenots
During the reign of Philip II and the
Golden Age of Spanish Literature, he was
the author who wrote a landmark novel,
Don Quixote, which was the first true
novel of European history
Cervantes
__________ and ________ were the first
two Stuart kings of England who believed
in the Divine Right of Kings. Both
quarreled with Parliament over taxation,
imprisoning enemies without trial and
religious matters which very much
offended the Puritans
James I
and
Charles I
He argued in his book, Leviathan that
people were “nasty, greedy and selfish”
and needed a strong and strict
governmental contract.
Thomas Hobbes
French ruler who best epitomized
absolutism (reigned 1643-1715). He was
known as le roi soleil, "the sun king."
He once declared: “l’etat, c’est moi” He
built a magnificent palace at Versailles.
He took France to a pinnacle of power,
but yet bankrupted the country which
would lay the seed of the French
Revolution of 1789
Louis XIV
He led a rebellion in the steppes north of
the Caspian Sea. The rebels (peasants,
Cossacks, exiles and serfs) wanted an
end to taxes, government intrusion, the
draft; they went on a rampage in which
they killed thousands of noble landlords,
governments officials and Orthodox
priests before their army was destroyed in
1774 – and he was publicly executed.
Emelian Pugachev
This prince of the Roman Catholic Church
was the architect of French absolutism, a
prominent church official and chief
minister to King Louis XIII (1624-1642)
whose brilliance was exercised in
undermining the power of the nobility and
enhance the authority of the king.
Cardinal Richelieu
His stories of travel circulated widely
throughout Europe and deeply influenced
Europeans' desire for exploring Chinese
markets. His deathbed statement
fascinated generations, when he
declared, "I didn't tell half of what I saw,
because no one would have believed
me."
Marco Polo
The Glorious Revolution of 1688 invited
William and Mary to be joint king and
queen of England and it also gave
England a form of government called a
Constitutional Monarchy
An assembly of bishops, cardinals, and
other high officials of the Catholic Church
which met intermittently between 1545
and 1563 to address matters of doctrine
and reform
Council of Trent
This was the largest Empire ever built in
South America; its territory extended
2,500 miles from north to south and
embraced almost all of modern Peru,
most of Ecuador, much of Bolivia, and
parts of Chile and Argentina; it maintained
effective control from the early 15th
century until the coming of Europeans in
the early 16th century.
The Inca Empire
He taught that government should be
divided into three branches, which would
produce "separation of powers," i.e., to
create separate branches of government
with equal but different powers. That way,
the government would avoid placing too
much power with one individual or group
of individuals.
Baron de Montesquieu
___________________ was the name of
the family which built a small, but
powerful state in northeastern Germany
called Prussia. The kings of Prussia were
Protestant and created an absolute
monarchy and perhaps the most efficient
and strongest army in Europe
Hohenzollern
Commander of Portuguese forces in the
Indian Ocean responsible for Portuguese
hegemony in the region by creating a
Trading Post Empire.
Alfonso d'Alboquerque
Famous Italian sculptor of Renaissance
times; lived from 1475 to 1564. He felt
called as a sculptor and created the
David in Florence and Pieta in Rome; but
perhaps he is best known for his painting
of the Sistine Chapel; both the ceiling and
the back wall – not to mention designing
the dome of St. Peter’s Basilica.
Michaelangelo
His goal was to shorten the journey to the
Asian trade markets by traveling directly
west across the Atlantic. His
miscalculation led him to uncharted land
he believed to be were Asian islands,
which in fact were the Caribbean Islands.
He died never knowing he found a New
World.
Christopher Columbus
He founded Batavia on the island of Java
in 1619 to serve as an entrepot for the
VOC. He used his superior navy and
weapons to dominate the Indonesian
islands and by the late 17th century all of
Indonesia was under Dutch authority.
Jan Pieterszoon Coen
He led three expeditions to the Pacific
and charted eastern Australia and New
Zealand, Pacific islands and Arctic waters
as well as collecting ethnographic
materials about the lands and peoples he
encountered. He died in a local dispute
with the indigenous people of Hawaii.
James Cook
This English privateer and politician was
the First English navigator to
circumnavigate the globe. The Spanish
considered him a pirate, but grudgingly
recognized his brilliance and called him El
Draque (the Dragon). He claimed part of
California for England, calling it New
Albion.
Francis Drake
Italian painter of Renaissance times
(1452-1519); relied on the technique of
linear perspective to represent the three
dimensions of real life on flat, twodimensional surfaces. His most famous
works are the Last Supper and the Mona
Lisa.
Leonardo da Vinci
He was one of the most important
Christian Humanists who worked
diligently to prepare accurate texts and
translations of the New Testament and
other important Christian writings;
responsible for publishing the first edition
of the Greek New Testament in 1516.
Erasmus of Rotterdam
____________ was a joint stock
company chartered by Queen Elizabeth I
in 1599 and given a monopoly over the
emerging Asian trading market. After they
were deflected from the spice trade and
Indonesian markets, the British begin to
take an interest in India.
The English East India Company
He was an Islamic, eunuch admiral of the
Ming court; led seven grand naval
expeditions between 1405 and 1433;
presented Chinese naval power to
important port cities in the Indian Ocean
basin.
Zheng He
He was a famous Italian architect (13771446) of Renaissance times. Inspired by
the Roman Pantheon he was responsible
for the construction of a magnificent
dome on the Cathedral of Florence
during the 1420s and 1430s.
Filippo Brunelleschi
Founder of the Ming dynasty in China; an
orphaned beggar who rose to power by
joining rebellions against Mongol rule in
China; toppled Mongol rule and
proclaimed himself emperor in 1368;
reestablished the Confucian educational
and civil service systems.
Hongwu
Muslim scholar of Morocco (1304 -1369); He
traveled from North Africa to the Middle
East and Byzantium; to India, the Maldive
Islands and even China; he served as a
qadi (judge) in north India and the
Maldive Islands. His travels were not
unusual, but that he wrote down his
experiences, gives us a glimpse into 14th
century Islamic thinking and Eurasian
interaction.
Ibn Battuta
He was the Grand prince of Moscow from
1462-1505 and the first Muscovite ruler to
declare Russian independence from
Mongol rule. This was a turning point in
Russian history as the Princes of Moscow
had imposed their rule on Russia.
Ivan III / Ivan the Great
He was an Italian Franciscan priest, who
went to China in 1291, became the first
archbishop of Khanbaliq in 1307, and
died there in 1328. While serving the
Roman Catholic expatriates in China;
nevertheless, he converted few Chinese
to the Christian religion. The Chinese
could not understand Christian exclusivity
John of Montecorvino
This revolt broke out in France in 1358
when peasants looted castles, attacked
the rich and demanded fair wages. The
basis of the revolt was the Black Death;
the surviving workers wanted higher
wages and the rich refused to give them.
Jaquerie Revolt
Large trading companies that organized
business ventures and spread the risks
attached to large business investments;
laid the foundations of the global
economy that would emerge in early
modern Europe.
Joint Stock Companies
Although he was killed during his
circumnavigation of the world in the
Philippines, he did accomplish to most
difficult part of his task in proving that the
world was round and that Columbus had
been right.
Ferdinand Magellan
In 1610, when Polish and Swedish armies
threatened Moscow, representatives
selected this prince to be the new Tsar to
drive the Poles and Swedes out of
Moscow. He was the first of his Dynasty
which would last until 1917.
Mikhail Romanov
_____________worked 25 years to
produce The Encyclopedia, a
collection of articles by the leading
philosophes of the day, whose purpose
was to change the way ordinary people
thought.
Denis Diderot
Name
China’s
historic
Dynasties
in order
Qin – 221 to 210 BCE
Han – 206 BCE to 220 CE
Sui – 589 to 618
Tang – 623 to 907
Sung, Liao, Jin – 960 to 1279
Yuan – 1279 - 1368
Ming – 1368 to 1644
Qing (Manchu) – 1644 to 1912
This was the name given to the area
around San Francisco Bay claimed for
England by Francis Drake in 1579 (some
400 miles north of Spain’s northern most
claim near modern La Jolla).
New Albion
He wrote a pivotal book, The Prince,
which was a manual of how to seize and
maintain power. Christian morality and
idealism had often been ignored by
Christian rulers, but this man – in a
similar but gentler spirit of the legalism of
Shang Yang or Kautalya in his
Arthashastra - openly advocated the
philsophy “ the end justifies the means.”
Nicolo Machiavelli
They were Ivan IV’s supporters whom he
made a new aristocracy. From them he
recruited a private army whose members
dressed in black and wore insignia
displaying a dog’s head and a broom,
symbolic of their function to hunt down
treason and sweep it out of Russia.
Oprichniki
This Spanish conquistador and explorer
was the first European to view the Pacific
Ocean from the New World. He is
(perhaps falsely) credited with naming the
Pacific Ocean.
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
He was a Nestorian Christian priest of
Turkish ancestry; dispatched in 1287 by
the Mongol ilkhan of Persia as an envoy
to the pope and European political
leaders for seeking support; mission did
not succeed
Rabban Bar Sauma
The name for the cultural flowering of
Western Europe from the 14th through
the 16th centuries. Arts and scholarly
works reflected a revived interest in the
classics of ancient Greece and Rome and
a growing concern for individualism and
secularism.
The Renaissance
This global conflict (1756-1763) was
fought in Europe and around the globe,
including Asians, indigenous American
people and Europeans. Sometimes it is
called the "Great War for Empire",
because it laid the foundations for British
hegemony in the world
The Seven Year’s War
This Portuguese sea captain took the first
voyage around the tip of Africa to India in
1497 - 1498. His fleet of four ships
successfully returned with a cargo of
pepper and cinnamon that would motivate
more European merchants to make the
journey east.
Vasco da Gama
This Indian raja reigned from 606 to 648
C.E.; maintained a powerful army and
temporarily unified most of north India;
enjoyed a reputation for piety, liberal
attitude, and scholarship. His networking
skills often cause him to be compared
with Charlemagne
Harsha
He was the Father of the Reformation; He
bitterly attacked the abuses of the
Church, including clerical celibacy, denial
of the cup to the laity, transubstantiation
and the authority of the pope. He said
that the Bible was the only source of
authority and put forth the doctrine of
Justification by Faith Alone.
Martin Luther
They were a complex society of
Mesoamerica that emerged around 300
CE; inherited the Olmec cultural
traditions; had agricultural settlements
and grand ceremonial centers in southern
Mexico (including the Yucatan peninsula),
Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El
Salvador.
Maya
They were the best known of many of the
indigenous people of Siberia who resisted
Russian expansion and were persecuted
terribly for 40 years as punishment, losing
at 70% of their population from pillaging
and European diseases.
The Yakut
This Encyclopedia, which was complied
by scholars working for the second Ming
emperor, contained all significant works of
Chinese history, philosophy, and
literature, and ran to about 23,000
manuscript rolls, each equivalent to a
medium-sized book.
Yongle
The Renaissance rediscovered the
ancient Greek concept of _________or
the idea that man is the measure of all
things. Religion is not directly attacked,
but its principles no longer dominate.
Humanism
During the fifteenth century, he started
Portugal on his twin goal of evangelism
and profit. In 1415, his forces seized the
Moroccan city of Ceuta; then he pushed
his mariners out into the Atlantic and
down the coast of Africa seeking raw
materials and building trading posts.
Henry the Navigator (or)
Dom Henrique
They were a people of central Mexico;
spoke Nahuatl language; they built the
powerful Aztec empire that dominated
Mesoamerica during the period from the
mid-14th through the early 16th centuries.
The Aztecs or Mexica
One of the Swahili city-states that
emerged on the east African coast during
the 11th or 12th century; actively
participated in trade of the Indian Ocean
basin and enjoyed tremendous
prosperity; suffered a devastating sack by
Portuguese mariners in 1505.
Kilwa
This Stuart King came to the throne of
England in 1685 and as an ardent Roman
Catholic believing in the Divine Right of
Kings managed to offend most of Britain.
He was overthrown in the Glorious or
Bloodless Revolution of 1688 which gave
England a Constitutional Monarchy.
James II
He was actually traveling to India and
when he used the Trade Winds to sail
south west he became the first European
to land in Brazil. He returned to Portugal
after a rather unsuccessful voyage and
was forgotten, except as the discoverer of
Brazil.
Pero Alvares Cabral
He showed that the heavens were not the
perfect, unblemished realm of Ptolemaic
astronomers, but rather a world of
change, flux and many previously
unsuspected phenomena. He used a new
invention, the telescope and found spots
on the sun and mountains on the moon.
He found moons orbiting Jupiter and stars
no one had ever seen before.
Galileo Galilei
This Islamic ruler of the Mali empire was
the grand-nephew of Sundiata; he
reigned from 1312 to 1337 and was well
known in Islamic world for his grand
pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324-1325; his
policies greatly promoted Islamic faith in
his empire.
Mansa Musa
This king of Ethiopia was reputedly the
son of the Queen of Sheba and Solomon;
He was considered the founder of the
Ethiopian line of kings, who still have the
title “the Lions of Judah.”
Melilik (Menelik)
The ________________ was the name
applied to European explorers
establishing links between all lands and
peoples of the world. These interactions
in turn resulted in an unprecedented
volume of exchange across the boundary
lines of societies and cultural regions.
Columbian Exchange
He was the founder of the Mali Empire,
known as the lion prince, reigned 12301255 as a Muslim king; hero in the oral
tradition of west Africa.
Sundiata
This capital of Zimbabwe was a
magnificent stone complex situated
between the Zambezi and the Limpopo
Rivers; up to eighteen thousand residents
lived in the city during the late 15th
century.
Great Zimbabwe
This Islamic state of west Africa was
situated between the Senegal and Niger
Rivers in a region straddling the border
between the modern states of Mali and
Mauritania; emerged probably as early as
the 5th or 6th century C.E.; its kings
converted to Islam by about the 10th
century and it became the most important
commercial site of west Africa
Ghana
This was an early Bantu kingdom,
established during the 14th century in the
valley of the Congo River (also known as
the Zaire River), which embraced much of
modern-day Republic of Congo and
Angola; maintained effective authority
until the mid 17th century.
Kongo
He was the war god of Aztecs and was
equated with the sun. The Aztecs saw him
as a warrior in the daytime sky fighting to
give life and warmth to the world against
the forces of the night. To carry on the
struggle, he needed strength, so, just as
the gods sacrificed themselves for
humans, the nourishment he needed most
was that which was most precious: human
life drawn from hearts and blood
Huitzilopochtli
He was the Turkish Sultan who, between
1211 and 1236 founded a stable Islamic
State in Northern India called the Mughal
or Mongol Empire
Iltutmish
In Delhi, he completed the tallest brick
minaret in the world called the
Qutub Minar
He was a Brahmin philosopher of south
India; active during the 11th and early
12th centuries C.E.; He taught intensive
devotion to Vishnu for personal salvation,
and challenged Shankara's intellectual
system of thought.
Ramanuja
These were the peoples of the east
African coast; spoke Swahili, a Bantu
language supplemented with words and
ideas borrowed from Arabic; established
a number of powerful city-states along the
coast by the 11th and 12th centuries.
Swahili
In the __________ ___________
businessmen compete with each other
and the forces of supply and demand to
determine the prices received for goods
and services.
Free Market
They emerged around 3000 BCE as the
first complex society of the Americas, with
its center located on the coast of the Gulf
of Mexico, near the modern Mexican city
of Veracruz; cultural traditions influenced
all complex societies of Mesoamerica
until the arrival of European peoples in
the 16th century C.E.
Olmecs
A Maya creation myth which taught that
the gods had created human beings out
of maize and water, the ingredients that
became human flesh and blood.
Popol Vuh
Who argued that it was perfectly
honorable for Christians to enter into
marriage, business relationships and
public affairs and still be good Christians?
Christian Humanists
This empire was organized in Cambodia
about 500 CE and reached its peak
between the 800s to the mid 1400s. It
was an aggressive culture and occupied
Burma to the Malay Peninsula. They built
both Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat.
Khmer Empire
Small plots of land made by the Mexica
by dredging the rich and fertile mulch
from the bottom of Lake Texcoco.
Chinampas
Capital City of Inca Empire, served as
administrative, religious, and ceremonial
center; population might have reached
300,000 in the late 15th century.
Cuzco
Mnemonic device used by Inca
bureaucrats to keep track of their
responsibilities; consisted of an array of
small cords of various colors and lengths,
all suspended from one large, thick cord;
knots and marks on cords could record
statistical information or historical events.
Quipu (khipus)
Capital city of the Aztec empire, sitting on
an island in Lake Texcoco; at its high
point in the early 16th century, tribute
from some 489 subject territories flowed
into the city, and its population reached to
about two hundred thousand. After the
Spanish conquest, Mexico City would be
built upon it.
Tenochtitlan
He was the founder of Aztec empire;
launched successful campaigns of
imperial expansion from 1428 to 1440.
Itzcóatl (The Obsidian Serpent)
He was the successor of Itzcóatl;
powerful ruler of the Aztec empire;
successful conquests from 1440 to 1469
laid down territorial foundation for the
Aztec empire.
Motecuzoma I
He was the Inca ruler responsible for
military conquests that laid foundation of
Inca Empire; reigned from 1438 to 1471.
Pachacuti
People of central Mexico; spoke Nahuatl
language; became dominant power of the
region between 950 and 1150 C.E. Their
capital was at Tula, about thirty miles
northwest of modern Mexico City;
important center of weaving, pottery, and
obsidian work.
Toltecs
This was the time period from 1550 to
1800, when the new monarchs in
France, England and Spain began
1.building strong states by organizing
their resources,
2.curbing the power of the feudal nobility
3.and creating strong centralized
bureaucracies.
Age of Absolutism
_________ was the capital city of the
Khmer Empire. It was a magnificent
temple complex and designed as a
microcosmic reflection of the Hindu world
order. Later after Buddhism was adopted
by the Khmer a smaller, but more
elaborate complex was built nearby in
Angkor Wat.
Angkor Thom
Religious movement that emerged in
southern India during the 12th century
C.E.; originally encouraged traditional
piety and devotion to Hindu values, but as
the movement spread to the north, it
began to incorporate certain Islamic
values, especially monotheism and the
notion of spiritual equality of all believers.
Bhakti
He founded the Sui dynasty and unified
China in 589.
Yang Jian
He was the second and last emperor of
the Sui dynasty, reigned from 604 to 618;
responsible for construction of the Grand
Canal; assassinated in 618.
Sui Yangdi
This was a Buddhist temple complex built
by Srivijayan Empire and constructed in
the shape of a mountain with three miles
of winding walkways with thousands of
stone-carved reliefs depicting the world of
Buddhism
Borobudur
He was a co-founder of the Vijayanagar
kingdom. He with Harihara was an official
delegate of the sultan in Delhi. They
renounced Islam, returned to their Hindu
faith, and claimed independence in south
India in 1336 C.E.
Bukka
This was large kingdom in southern India
which became rich from sea trade and
eventually became powerful enough to
extend marginal control over most of
Southern India from 850 to 1267. They
conquered Ceylon and parts of Southeast
Asia during the 11th century C.E.
Chola Kingdom
Commercial ships favored by Indians,
Arabs and Persians were called:
Dhows
Commercial ships favored China
Junks
European, small, highly maneuverable,
three-masted ships that carried a
sternpost rudder and both square and
lateen sail
Caravels
This kingdom was Indianized kingdom of
Southeast Asia; it dominated the lower
reaches of the Mekong River from the 1st
through the 6th centuries C.E. They
began to use Sanskrit (calling their rulers
rajas) and embraced Indian religion.
However, like Japan, they did not loose
those own distinctive cultural or religious
traditions.
Funan Kingdom
He was the spiritual leader of the Bhakti
Movement; active at the turn of the 15th
and 16th centuries C.E.; taught that
Shiva, Vishnu, and Allah were all
manifestations of a single, universal deity,
whom all devout believers could find
within their own hearts.
Guru Kabir
They served not only as religious centers
but also as economic and social centers.
They stored grain, educated the boys and
employed hundreds of people; they were
responsible for keeping civil order,
collecting taxes and promoting economic
development; they served as bankers,
worked with merchants and guilds and
became centers of economic trade in
Southern India.
Hindu Temples
What was the narrowest point on the
Malay Peninsula called?
Isthmus of Kra
What body of water lies between Sumatra
and the Malay Peninsula?
Straits of Melaka
This empire was organized in Cambodia
about 500 CE and reached its peak
between the 800s to the mid 1400s. It
was an aggressive culture and occupied
Burma to the Malay Peninsula. They built
both Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat.
Khmer Empire
This leader of Muslim Turks in
Afghanistan frequently raided north India
at the beginning of the 11th century C.E.;
His goal was plunder and he destroyed
many Buddhist sites and established
mosques or Islamic shrines at the sites of
Hindu and Buddhist structures causing
much bitterness among the Indian
population.
Mahmud of Ghazni
This powerful kingdom of Southeast Asia
was based on Malay peninsula; it was
founded during the late 14th century and
grew wealthy because of its position on
the trade routes. It changed from a Hindu
state to an Islamic state during the mid15th century.
Melaka
He was a Brahmin philosopher of south
India; active during the early 9th century
C.E.; he mistrusted emotional services
and ceremonies; he believed that only
through disciplined logical reasoning man
could understand ultimate reality.
Shankara
He was both a god of fertility and a
destructive deity. He brought life, but also
took it away when its season had passed
Shiva
He was the preserver of the world, who
watched everything and occasionally
entered the world in human form to
combat evil or teach his doctrine
Vishnu
Buddhist religious monuments. They can
be simple mounds of earth covering a
relic of the Buddha or more elaborate
structures which evolved into domeshaped structures such as Borobudur.
Stupas
They were a group of Mongols who
overran Russia between 1237 and 1241;
also mounted expeditions into Poland,
Hungary, and eastern Germany;
maintained Mongol hegemony in Russia
until the mid-15th century when Ivan III
stopped paying tribute.
The Golden Horde
Name the small kingdom on Java, which
flourished between 1222 and 1292 C.E
Singosari
Kingdom of Southeast Asia, based on the
island of Sumatra; lasted from the 7th
century to the 11th century C.E.; received
strong Indian influence.
Srivijaya
He was the second emperor of Tang
dynasty, reigned from 627 to 649; built a
splendid capital at Chang'an; sought to
reinforce interests of small peasants by
light taxes and the equal-field system;
strengthened bureaucracy by using civil
service examination system; competent
ruler who brought unusual stability and
prosperity to China.
Tang Taizong
Under this emperor, China reached its
imperial golden age from 712 to 756.
Under him Tang hegemony reached all
the way to Japan and Korea in the east,
Vietnam in the south and central Asia in
the west
Tang Xuanzong
He was a military commander of Tang
dynasty; launched rebellion in 755 and
seized the Tang capital at Chang'an.
Revolt was suppressed two years later
with the help of Uighurs who sacked
Chinese cities in return for their help;
bottom line: the Tany dynasty was
permanently weakened
An Lushan
He was the first Song emperor (reigned
960-976 C.E.); he pacified warlords after
the collapse of the Tang dynasty and
founded the Song dynasty. Policies
emphasized civil administration over
military affairs.
Song Taizu
This lady in waiting at the Heian court
composed Tale of the Gengi which is a
story about a fictitious prince Gengi and
his friends who devote themselves to an
ultra refined lifestyle but also a meditation
on the passing of time and the sorrows
that time brings to sensitive human
beings. This work with its melancholy
spirit gives an excellent glimpse into lives
of the aristocracy in Nara Japan.
Murasaki Shikibu
He unified Korea in 936 and founded the
Koryo Dynasty (from which the name
Korea derives) The Koryo rulers
maintained close relations with the Song.
In 1230 the Mongols invaded and
occupied Korea. The Koryo won back
their freedom, but collapsed in the mid
1300s.
Won Kon
He unified Korea in 1392 and founded the
Yi Kingdom or the Choson Period. The Yi
generally maintained close relations with
the Mings (who drove out the Mongols)
and remained independent until
conquered by Japan in 1910.
Yi Song-gye
He was a Buddhist monk of the Tang
dynasty who traveled to India and spent
12 years there studying Buddhism
beginning in 630 C.E. His pilgrimage
became a legend that helped to
popularize Buddhism in China.
Xuanzang
He was the most prominent philosopher
of Neo-Confucianism during the Song
dynasty; he wrote extensively on
metaphysical themes such as the nature
of reality but also stressed importance of
philosophical investigations to practical
affairs.
Zhu Xi
Popular Buddhist sect in China (also
known by its Japanese name, Zen); had
little interest in written texts but instead
emphasized intuition and sudden flashes
of insight in search of spiritual
enlightenment.
Chan Buddhism
This oasis city in western China lay on
the silk road; it was the site of hundreds
of Buddhist cave temples, and known for
its leading role in spreading Mahayana
Buddhism in China.
Dunhuang
To ensure equitable land distribution,
Early Tang emperors used this system to
allocate land to individuals and their
families according to the land's fertility
and the recipients' needs. A family could
keep one-fifth of the land as hereditary
property while the rest would be subject
to periodic redistribution to adjust for
changing circumstances of the recipients.
Equal-field System
During the Post Classical Era, this strain
of rice, which was originally cultivated by
Vietnamese and enabled farmers to
harvest twice a year, was introduced to
south China via military ventures. During
the Tang dynasty this strain of rice led to
dramatic increases in population.
Fast Ripening or Champa Rice
This was Chinese letters of credit or early
forms of currency issued by banks to
facilitate trade between different
locations; popularly used during the early
Tang dynasty to alleviate the shortage of
copper coins.
Flying Cash
The period of Japanese history lasting
from 710 to 794 C.E. Inspired by the Tang
example, Japanese authorities
established a court modeled on that of
the Tang, instituted a Chinese style
bureaucracy, implemented an equal-field
system, provided official support for
Confucianism and Buddhism, and built a
capital that was a replica of Chang'an.
Nara Period
This was the period of Japanese history
between 794 and 1185 C.E.;
characterized by new developments in
politics and culture; imperial house
became a symbol of national authority
while effective power was in the hands of
the Fujiwara family; lifestyle of aristocrats,
as depicted in The Tale of Genji, was
uniquely Japanese.
Heian Period
During Song times, this philosophy
retained Confucian tradition but became
more speculative and philosophical than
the early Confucianism; became the basis
of the Confucian civil service examination
system.
Neo-Confucianism
The title of the most powerful regional
lord in Japan who assumed leadership
under the symbolic authority of the
emperor. This title was first used in the
Kamakura period (1185-1333 C.E.).
Shogun
The Korean dynasty from 669 to 935 C.E.
which rallied Korea to resist invasion of
the Tang armies during the 7th century;
but entered into a tributary relationship
with China thereafter and was deeply
influenced by the Chinese political and
cultural tradition
Silla
Envoys from subordinate states would
regularly present gifts to Chinese court
and perform the kowtow ritual as tokens
of their subordination. In return, tributary
states received confirmation of their
authority as well as lavish gifts from the
Chinese court. This relationship was
called:
Tributary
He was born in 1167; united all the
Mongol tribes into a single confederation
by 1206; established Mongol supremacy
in central Asia, and extended Mongol
control to Northern China in the east and
Persia in the west; died in 1227.
Genghis Khan
(Chinggis Khan)
He was Genghis Khan's grandson and
one of the great khans who ruled China;
he extended Mongol rule to all China by
toppling the southern Song dynasty and
establishing the Yuan dynasty in 1279.
His conquests of other east Asian regions
beyond China were not successful; died
in 1294.
Kublai Khan
He was the sultan of the Ottomans
responsible for capture of Constantinople
in 1453 and changing its name to
Istanbul.
Mehmed II
He was a Turkish leader in Anatolia who
declared independence from the Saljuq
(or Seljuk) sultan in 1299; he led his
followers, known as Osmanlis or
Ottomans, to extend control in the
Balkan Peninsula and laid the basis for
the Ottoman Empire.
Osman
He was a Turkish conqueror; born in 1336
and came to power in the 1360s in central
Asia; launched series of attacks on
Anatolia, Persia, Afghanistan, the Golden
Horde in southern Russia, and northern
India; empire disintegrated after his death
in 1405.
Timur-a-ling or Tamerlane
He was a leader of the Saljuq Turks who
controlled the Abbasid capital at Baghdad
and was recognized as Sultan or
chieftain by the Abbasid caliph in 1055;
he extended Turkish rule to Syria,
Palestine, and other parts of the Abbasid
empire.
Tughril Beg
He was the grandson of Charles Martel
who reigned from 768 to 814. He
established a substantial empire which
covered France, Germany, northeastern
Spain, Bavaria, and northern Italy, and
introduced some centralized institutions.
He received coronation in 800 by Pope
Leo III.
Charlemagne
This devastating epidemic first erupted in
the 1330s in southwestern China; spread
throughout China and central Asia and by
the late 1340s reached southwest Asia
and Europe, where it became known as
the Black Death. Only India, Sub-Saharan
Africa and Scandinavia escaped its full
ferocity.
Bubonic Plague
Name the four Khanates into which the
Mongol Empire fragmented.
1. Khanate of the Great Khan (China)
2. Khanate of Chagatai (Central Asia)
3. Ilkhanate of Persia (Persia)
4. Khanate of the Golden Horde
Japanese term meaning "divine winds";
used by the Japanese to describe
typhoons in 1274 and 1281 that helped
them hold off Khubilai Khan's attempted
invasions. The term would later be used
by Japanese suicide planes during the
later stages of World War II.
Kamikaze
He was an early king of Angles and
Saxons in England. He expanded from
his base in southern England to territories
further north held by Danish invaders;
built a navy to challenge the Vikings at
sea and constructed fortresses on land to
secure the conquered areas. He reigned
from 871 to 899.
Alfred the Great
They were two famous English kings of
the later Saxon era. The first, a Dane
(1016 – 1035) was famous both for his
conversion to Christianity and his just
reign, and the second (1042 – 1066), was
a sincere, pious ruler who gave money to
the poor, but failed to curb the growing
power of the nobility.
Canute and Edward the Confessor
He was an early Frankish king who ruled
the Franks from 481 to 511. He converted
to Roman Christianity (Tradition holds
that his wife Clotilda, a devout Christian,
was the reason why) and built a powerful
kingdom in Gaul that laid down the
foundation for Charlemagne's empire.
Clovis
He was the founder of Carolingian
dynasty; began to run the Frankish State
from behind the throne. From his father
he took the title “Mayor of the Palace.” He
was never king, but began to unify
Frankish Gaul like a king. In 732, he
defeated a Muslim army at The Battle of
Tours in Southern Gaul. By the time of his
death in 741, he had reestablished the
Franks as rulers of Gaul.
Charles Martel
This is Dante’s allegorical story of his own
journey through hell and purgatory before
he finally enters into heaven. By writing in
Italian (not Latin) Dante hoped to bring
his ideas to a larger part of society.
Dante’s themes of enduring love and the
two-fold goals of mankind (happiness on
earth and eternal happiness in heaven)
established him as one of the few poets
who belong to all times and all cultures.
The Divine Comedy
She was the most celebrated
noblewoman of her day. She was queen
of both France and England (at separate
times). She was known for her
enthusiastic patronage of troubadours
and encouragement of the cultivation of
good manners, refinement, and romantic
love.
Eleanor of Aquitaine
He was a Viking leader of Scandinavian
seafarers and was responsible for
discovering and colonizing Greenland in
North Atlantic Ocean at the end of the
10th century.
Eric the Red
He was the emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire who worked hard to absorb the
wealthy urban region of Lombardy in
north Italy, but his attempt was defeated
by a papal coalition with other European
states. He died on his way to the Holy
Land as one of the leaders of the Third
Crusade.
Frederick Barbarossa
He wrote the Canterbury Tales, a
lengthy, humorous story of a group of
pilgrims traveling to the shrine of St.
Thomas à Becket at Canterbury. Rather
than concentrate on religious teaching or
morality plays, he strove to give a true
and fair presentation of ordinary people in
the 14th century.
Geoffrey Chaucer
The Holy Roman Emperor who was
known for his challenge to the pope's
policy of appointing church officials by
church authorities (the Investiture
Contest); upon being excommunicated,
he had great trouble dealing with
rebellious German princes; he finally
regained control only by beseeching the
pope's mercy while standing barefoot in
the snow.
Henry IV
He was the English monarch who used
the law to increase his authority. A central
royal court was set up in London. Circuit
judges took the king’s law to all parts of
the land and thus created a common law,
helping to untie the country. He also used
the grand jury system to present to
judges names of people suspected of
crimes. He quarreled with Thomas a
Becket.
Henry II
He was the Son of Henry II and Eleanor
of Aquitaine and the younger brother of
Richard the Lionhearted; as king of
England, he was forced in 1216 to accept
the Magna Carta, which guaranteed both
the rights of the nobility and the obligation
of the king to follow the law.
John
He was the son of Eric the Red who led a
group of Scandinavian seafarers and
sailed to what they called Vineland
(modern Newfoundland in Canada) by
about 1000 C.E. They founded a small
colony and maintained it for several
decades.
Lief Ericson
He was king of France (1226-1270) who
participated in two crusades and
continued to expand the authority of the
monarchy at the nobles’ expense. For
example, most nobility minted their own
coins, but he forced the nobles to use
only money minted by the king.
Louis IX
He was Charlemagne's only surviving son
who reigned from 814 to 840. He was a
good man but a weak monarch who lost
control of the counts and other local
authorities of the Carolingian dynasty.
After his death, his three sons divided
Carolingian dynasty into three kingdoms.
Louis the Pious
He was king of Saxony in Germany
(reigned 936-973). He defeated a Magyar
army in 955; imposed his authority
throughout Germany; twice led armies
into Italy to support the papacy against
Lombard lords and received coronation
from the pope in 962. He is considered to
be the first Holy Roman Emperor
Otto I
He was a foolish but zealous Christian
preacher who traveled throughout
France, Germany, and the Low
Countries to organize crusaders for
recapturing Palestine as a response to
Pope Urban II’ s call. The crusade
ended in utter disaster.
Peter the Hermit
He was pope from 590 and 604; he
organized defense of Rome and
reasserted papal primacy over other
bishops; theologically, he emphasized the
sacrament of penance; and he helped to
extend Roman Christianity to western
Europe through missionary activity.
Pope Gregory I or Gregory the Great
He was pope during the 1070s and
1080s; he is best known for his victory
over Emperor Henry IV of the Holy
Roman Empire during the Investiture
Contest.
Hildebrand or Pope Gregory VII
He strengthened the early monastic
movement by providing it with a Rule
or self-governing regulations;
summarized in the Latin expression
Orare et Laborare/Work and Pray.
He founded his community at Monte
Cassino south of Rome.
St. Benedict of Nursia
They were founders of religious orders
which were called mendicant (‘beggars”)
because the monks freely agreed to
renounce personal possessions and beg
for their food. They both worked in urban
areas where the secular clergy needed
help and led the fight against heterodox
movements debating with and trying to
get heretics to return to the Roman
Catholic Church.
St. Dominic and St. Francis
He was the first true Byzantine Emperor
who in the early 7th century defeated
both the invading Avars and the Persian
Sasanids who had captured Palestine.
His victory was so complete that he
retrieved the Holy Cross from the Persian
Capital and returned it to Jerusalem.
Later invading Muslim armies defeated
his armies at Yarmuk and overran Syria
and Palestine.
Heraclius
He was a Persian theologian and famous
Islamic Sufi (1058-1111) who argued that
Greek philosophy and human reasoning
were vain pursuits that would inevitably
lead to confusion rather than
understanding, and that only through
devotion to Allah and guidance from the
Quran could human beings begin to
appreciate the uniqueness and power of
Allah.
al-Ghazali
He was a friend and minister of Henry II
of England until Henry managed to get
him appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.
He then fought Henry for control of the
church. Some of Henry’s knights
murdered him and he quickly became a
national hero and Saint in the Roman
Catholic Church.
Thomas a Becket
The prince of Kiev who converted to
Orthodox Christianity and ordered his
subjects to do the same
Vladimir
The Duke of Normandy who invaded
England in 1066 and defeated the
Saxons under king Harold. He then
seized Saxon lands and introduced
Norman-style feudalism to England.
William the Conqueror
This was a grant provided by a lord to his
vassals with which the vassal supported
himself and his family. They usually were
grants of land, often called fiefs, but they
sometimes took other forms, such as the
right to income from mills, village rents,
and money.
Benefice
These were self-sufficient, large estates
of a feudal lords consisting of fields,
meadows, forests, agricultural tools,
domestic animals, and sometime lakes or
rivers, as well as serfs bound to the land;
the principal form of agricultural
organization in medieval western Europe.
Manors
Name for the Post Classical period of
European history from about 500 to 1500;
so called because it falls between the
classical era and modern times.
Middle Ages
The name of Charlemagne's imperial
officials who traveled every year to all
local jurisdictions and reviewed the
accounts of local authorities.
Missi Dominici (Envoys of the Lord)
Also known as Albigensians they adopted
the teachings of heretical groups in
eastern Europe who viewed the world as
a site of an unrelenting, cosmic struggle
between the forces of good and evil; they
rejected the Roman Catholic church,
sought spiritual perfection, renounced
wealth and marriage, and led a strict
vegetarian life. A brutal crusade stamped
them out.
Cathars
Name the first four Caliphs
Abu Bekr
Omar
Uthman
Ali
An association of trading cities stretching
from Novgorod to London and embracing
all the significant commercial centers of
Poland, northern Germany, and
Scandinavia; dominated trade of northern
Europe during the high middle ages.
Hanseatic League
They were one of several Christian
military-religious orders active in the
Baltic region during the 12th and 13th
centuries; aided by German missionaries
and the Roman Catholic church, they
became crusaders who fought against the
pagan Slavic peoples of Prussia, Livonia,
and Lithuania.
Teutonic Knights
He was the Roman emperor, known for
his unification of the Roman empire after
it was divided by Diocletian into two
administrative districts; he established
Constantinople as the new capital city; he
was also known as the first Christian
emperor of the Roman empire, whose
Edict of Milan in 313 C. E. allowed
Christians to practice their faith openly.
Constantine
This Byzantine emperor reigned from 527
to 565; he is known for his campaign of
rebuilding Constantinople, his codification
of Roman law (Corpus Iuris Civilis), and
his military campaigns that succeeded in
control of Italy, Sicily, Northwestern Africa,
and southern Spain.
Justinian
The Byzantine emperor was known as
"the Bulgar Slayer" for his successful
campaign against the neighboring
Bulgars. After his victory at the Battle of
Kleidion in 1014 C.E., Basil reportedly
commanded his forces to blind fourteen
thousand Bulgarian survivors. He took
Byzantium to the height of its medieval
glory.
Basil II
This was the heresy which taught that
Jesus was a divine being but created by
the Father. Its founder, a priest of
Alexandria and his followers believed that
Jesus was an important prophet and even
divine, but also a man like other men.
Constantine had the Council of Nicaea
condemn it in 325. (cf. the orthodox
position was that Jesus was fully God and
fully man.)
Arianism
This expedition originally intended to
recapture Jerusalem and other sites holy
to Christians from Muslims, but was
diverted by Venetian merchants to the
sacking of Constantinople in 1204.
Byzantine forces recaptured the capital in
1261, but never again was able to
dominate the Eastern Mediterranean. Its
extincition was less than 200 years away.
The Fourth Crusade
This was a magnificent church
constructed in Constantinople during the
reign of Justinian. Later became a
mosque and a museum, which ranks as
one of the world's most important
examples of Christian architecture.
Hagia Sophia
This Byzantine imperial policy - based on
the Monophysite heresy - was
inaugurated by Emperor Leo III (717-741
C.E.) to destroy religious images and
prohibit their use in churches. The
controversy would not end until the
Empress Irene finally restores the Icons.
Iconoclasm
What heresy taught that Christ had two
independent natures? Condemned by the
Church the followers of this heresy
spread it (via the Silk Roads) into Central
Asia and beyond. Even Chabi, the
favorite wife of Kublai Khan followed this
brand of Christianity.
Nestorianism
He was a follower and friend of
Muhammad’s and – as such - after
Muhammad's death, became the first
caliph of the Islamic community.
Abu Bekr
He was the fourth caliph. But the
Umayyad tribe disagreed and managed
to get their candidate, Mu’awiya, elected
caliph in 660. He and Mu’awiya agreed to
divide the empire, but He was
assassinated in 661 and Islam fractured
into two sects: the Shiites, who
supported the rights of his descendents
and the Sunni, who became the majority
party.
Ali
He was a professor at the University of
Paris and the most famous as a
scholastic theologian; lived from 1225 to
1274. His teachings (his most famous
work is his Summa Theologica)
combined Aristotle's rational power with
Christianity and sought to formulate the
most truthful and persuasive system of
thought possible.
St. Thomas Aquinas
He was a descendant of Muhammad's
uncle; he allied with the Shiite party and
with non-Arab Muslims to launch rebellion
against the Umayyad dynasty; he
founded the Abbasid dynasty that lasted
from 750 to 1258 C.E.
Abu al-Abbas
He was a famous caliph whose reign
(786-808 C.E.) brought the Abbasid
dynasty to its high point; known for his
support of artists and writers, lavish living,
and luxurious gifts; his death led to civil
war over succession between his sons
seriously damaging Abbasid authority.
Harun al Rashid
They were Austronesians who settled the
Pacific Ocean Basin mostly in the area
within the Polynesian Triangle. They
gradually inhabited the larger Pacific
islands and supported a surging
population with unique social and political
development
Polynesians
He was a twelfth century Muslim
philosopher (1126-1198), known in the
west as Averroes who followed Aristotle
and sought to articulate a purely rational
understanding of the world. He had a
profound influence on the development of
European scholasticism during the 13th
century.
Ibn Rushd
This was the name for Islamic Spain;
established by Muslim Berber conquerors
from north Africa during the early 8th
century; they refused to recognize the
Abbasid dynasty and styled themselves
caliphs in their own right from the 10th
century.
al-Andalus
Name the Five Pillars of Islam
1.
Moslems must acknowledge Allah as the only
god, and Mohammad as his prophet.
2.
Moslems must pray daily to Allah, facing
Mecca.
3.
Moslems must observe a fast during the
daylight hours during the month of Ramadan
4.
Moslems must contribute alms for the relief of
the weak and the poor
5.
Moslems must, if financially and physically
possible, must make the hajj and make at least one
pilgrimage to Mecca to honor Muhammad
This meant "Migration“ and refers to the
flight of Muhammad and his followers
made from Mecca to Medina in 622 C.E.;
It is recognized as the beginning of the
official Islamic calendar.
Hijra
The holy book of Islam; revelations
received by Muhammad from Allah;
compiled in the early 650s by devout
Muslims; served as the definitive authority
for Islamic religious doctrine and social
organization.
Koran / Quran
Letters of credit in the banking system of
the Islamic world; enabled merchants to
draw letters of credit in one city and cash
them in another; the root of the modern
word for "check."
Saaks
Title used by Muhammad to refer to
himself, meaning that he was the final
prophet through whom Allah revealed his
divine message to humankind.
Seal of the Prophets
Islamic holy law; reflected social and
ethical values and offered detailed
guidance on every aspect of life. Through
the ethical and social values in the this
holy law, Islam became more than a
religion, but also a way of life.
Sharia
They were two Byzantine missionaries
sent into the Balkans where they worked
to convert pagans. As they worked
among the Slavs, they devised a written
script – from their native Greek for the
Slavic language, called Cyrillic.
Cyril and Methodius
This group is the political and theological
sect which was formed to support Ali and
his descendants as caliphs; after the rise
of the Umayyad dynasty, this group
served as a refuge and a source of
support for opponents of the dominant
Sunni sect.
Shia or Shiites
They were a nomadic people from central
Asia who invaded the Byzantine empire
and ruled the Abbasid empire in the name
of caliphs from the mid-11th century. In
1071 they obliterated a Byzantine army at
Manzikert.
Seljuk or Saljaq
"People with religious knowledge"; they
were learned officials and moral
authorities of Islamic communities; pious
scholars who sought to develop public
policy in accordance with the Quran and
Sharia.
Ulama
They were the most prominent Meccan
merchant clan; dominated politics and
economy of Mecca; established dynasty
and built capital city at Damascus;
dynasty lasted from 661 to 750 C.E.
Umayyad
The Islamic chieftan became renowned in
both the Muslim and Christian worlds for
his leadership and military prowess
tempered by his chivalry and merciful
nature. In 1171, he ended Fatimid power
and in 1187 he reconquered Jerusalem
Saladin
He was the greatest and most energetic
emperor of the Han dynasty. During his
rule, the centralization of imperial rule
was strengthened and the territory of
China extended to Vietnam, Korea, and
central Asia.
Han Wudi
They believed that they were the
descendants of Fatima, the daughter of
Muhammad and wife of Ali. In the early
tenth century, they established an empire,
which included Egypt, North Africa, Sicily
and Syria. Under them, the city of Cairo
was established and built into an imperial
military and cultural center.
The Fatamids
They were (and are) a population group
in Oceania and Southeast Asia. Their
point of origin is believed to be Southern
China. They form a diverse group of
peoples inhabiting roughly half the globe,
ranging from Madagascar off the east
coast of Africa to Easter Island in the
Pacific.
Austronesians
These were were sacred places, which
served both religious and social purposes
among Polynesian peoples. Most were
destroyed with advent of missionaries in
the eighteenth century, but in some
places, most notably among the Maori of
New Zealand, they still play a vital part of
everyday life.
Marae
They established a powerful kingdom in
Anatolia between 1900 and 1600 BCE. In
1595 they conquered the Babylonian
Empire and dominated South West Asia
until the 1200s when the empire broke
up. The Hittites were inventors of swift,
deadly light weight chariots and more
dramatically helped to usher in the Iron
Age as they perfected iron metallurgy and
began to produce effective iron weapons.
The Hittites
They were peoples of sub-Saharan
Africa; originated in the region around
modern Nigeria during the second
millennium B.C.E. and spread throughout
almost all sub-Saharan Africa by about
1000 C.E.; they established divergent
societies, but all spoke tongues belonging
to the same family of languages. They
were the first sub-Saharan culture to form
an agricultural society.
The Bantu
This was brought to Madagascar and
then Africa by Austronesians from
Malaysia. It did two things: first, it added
variety to the Bantu diet, and more
importantly, it increased the Bantu zone of
agriculture, because it’s fruit could be
grown in tropical and forested areas
where yams and millet could not
Banana Culture
This organization was typical of Bantu
society; it is where there is little or no
government with no development of a
hierarchy or bureaucracy; this kind of
organization was governed mostly
through family and kinship groups without
elaborate hierarchy of officials or a
bureaucracy. Some areas of Sub Saharan
Africa retained this organization until the
major incursion of the Europeans in the
1800s.
Stateless Society
This refers to those land and sea routes
that linked the three classical centers of
Civilization, especially during and after
Hellenistic Times, which would grow
without interruption until the 10th century.
Then, in the thirteenth century, there
would be a revival, which would last until
the seventeenth century when European
advances in technology eclipsed it.
The Silk Road
This was the most important of the early
Bantu kingdoms. It was established
during the 14th century in the valley of the
Congo River, which embraced much of
modern-day Republic of Congo and
Angola. It maintained effective authority
until the mid-17th century.
The Kingdom of Kongo
These relatives of the Celts destroyed
three Roman legions in the Battle of the
Teutoburg Forest. They migrated to the
eastern and northern borders of the
Roman Empire from the second century
C.E.; beginning in the mid-5th century,
they invaded the Roman Empire and
deposed the western emperor in 476;
they settled in Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain,
and North Africa.
Germanic Tribes
This is the technical term used to
describe ability of the Bantu to fuse their
own culture with those cultures they
dominated.
Transmission of Culture
It was a syncretic sect of Christianity,
Buddhism and Zoroastrianism, also
spread along the Silk Roads. Its founder,
a devout Zoroastrian priest from Babylon
who lived from 216 to 272 C.E, founded it
in the mid 3rd century. It was
characterized by an ascetic lifestyle and
high moral values while promising eternal
life for the followers of the good god.
Manichaeism
This was perhaps the most famous form
of Christianity to travel by the Silk roads.
Its founder was the Patriarch of
Constantinople, who taught Christ was
one person in two natures, as opposed to
the orthodox position that Christ had one
nature of two persons.
Nestoriansim
He was the leader of the Visigoths who
wanted (under pressure from the Huns) to
make a home within the Roman Empire.
The emperor in Constantinople admitted
them but when the Roman authorities
mistreated them, he led the Visigoths into
Italy sacked the city of Rome in 410 C.E.
Alaric
He was the Roman emperor known for
his division of the empire into two
administrative districts. This system was
called the Tetrarchy where four top corulers (two senior emperors, each called
Augustus, and two assistants, each called
Caesar) of the Roman Empire. The
Tetrarchy system failed completely and,
after his death contenders once again
struggled for power.
Diocletian
He was the Bishop of Hippo in north
Africa. He was well educated in
philosophy and harmonized Christianity
with Platonic thought so that Christianity
could be easily appreciated by
intellectuals and the educated classes.
St. Augustine of Hippo
He was the Emperor of the Eastern
Roman empire, known for his
proclamation that made Christianity the
official religion of the empire in 380 C.E.
Theodosius
They were claimants to the imperial
throne of the Roman Empire, mostly
generals, who frequently replaced one
another in a violent manner during the
half century from 235 to 284 C.E.
The Barracks Emperors
This was the name for the eastern half of
the Roman Empire, which survived
invasions of Germanic peoples in the 5th
century C.E. and lasted for about one
millennium thereafter. The capital city was
Constantinople
The Byzantine Empire
This was the famous work of St.
Augustine which sought to explain the
meaning of history and the world from a
Christian point of view.
De Civitate Dei - The City of God
This was the Chinese ability to absorb
newcomers. All throughout her early
history, nomads from Central Asia who,
like legal and illegal migrants all through
history, looked for a better life flooded into
China. This process caused these
nomads to settle down, wear Chinese
clothes, and begin to farm and adopt the
culture of China.
Sinicization
This was the economic process (which
was called Stagflation in the 1970s, that
causes inflation to be out of control,
prices to increase rapidly and currency to
loose its value. It was part of the Third
Century Crisis that occurred in the
Western Roman Empire as money and
industry moved to the wealthier eastern
part of the Empire.
Hyperinflation
He was the advisor or minister of
Chandragupta's government who devised
administrative procedures and diplomatic
strategies for the Mauryan empire. Some
of his advice and ideas survived in the
political handbook known as the
Arthashastra.
Kautalya
This second Chinese dynasty was
founded by Liu Bang and turned out to be
one of the longest and most influential in
Chinese history, lasting until 220 CE and
laying the foundations of Classical
Chinese Culture.
The Han Dynasty
They were an Indo European people
closely related to the Greeks and the
Romans whose homeland seems to be
what is today Western Germany. Around
500 BCE, they began to spread through a
substantial portion of Western and
Southwestern Europe – more as migrants
than conquerors. They still live in Ireland,
Scotland, Wales and Brittany.
Celts
He seized the throne in nine C.E. and
introduced a series of wide-ranging
reforms, prompting some modern
historians to call him a "Socialist
Emperor." Resistance from disgruntled
landlords, coupled with poor harvests and
famine, sparked widespread revolts,
ending his dynasty and life in 23 C.E.
Wang Mang
They were the personal servants of
imperial households. Men went through
voluntary castration in order to work in the
harem of the emperor or king. Sometimes
they seized enormous power because of
their close relationships with the rulers or
various factions at court.
Eunuchs
They consisted of more than 15 thousand
life-sized pottery figures buried in the
tomb of the First Emperor to guard him in
death. The terra cotta soldiers, horses,
and weapons were made individually, with
remarkable detail. The tomb has been
under excavation since 1974.
The Terra Cotta Army
She was a well-educated woman who
wrote a widely read treatise entitled
Admonitions for Women that
emphasized humility, obedience,
subservience, and devotion to their
husbands as the virtues most appropriate
for women.
Ban Zhao
Aryabhatta was the Indian astronomer
who, around 500 CE, calculated _______
as well as the length of the solar year at
365 days. He also determined that the
earth rotated on its own axis and revolved
around the sun.
Pi (Π)
He founded the Mauryan Empire. He was
a systematic and harsh ruler, a true
legalist. In spite of his successes,
however, he was not able to replace most
of the local rajas with his own
administrators and therefore could not
establish as strong a centralized state as
did the Persians or the Chinese the
Romans.
Chandragupta Maurya
He was Chandragupta's grandson and
reigned 268-232 B.C.E. Early in his reign
he was cruel and despotic, but after
seeing the horror of the aftermath of a
major battle, he converted to Buddhism
and sponsored the new religion
throughout his empire. His rule
represented the highest point of the
Mauryan Empire, even though he did not
bring local rajas under full control.
Ashoka
He was the founder of the Gupta Empire
who rose to power in Magadha about 320
C.E. (Note: He was not related to
Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of
Mauryan empire) He and his successors
were content to leave local rajas alone,
be acknowledged as supreme overlords
and to collect tribute from those rajas
“under their control.”
Chandra Gupta
He was the advisor or minister of
Chandragupta's government who devised
administrative procedures and diplomatic
strategies for the Mauryan empire. Some
of his advice and ideas survived in the
political handbook known as the
Arthashastra.
Kautalya
He unified China in 221 B.C.E. Under his
rule, a tradition of centralized imperial rule
was established that would continue
throughout the history of imperial China.
Because of his massive public works and
cruel punishments, however, he has been
viewed as the most infamous tyrant in
Chinese history.
Qin Shihuangdi
He was the founder of Buddhism. He
was born to a Kshatriya family about 563
B.C.E.; after a life of luxury, he sought
enlightenment through intense meditation
and received enlightenment under a Bo
tree. At this point he became the Buddha
or the Enlightened one. He then began to
teach his doctrine of the Four Noble
Truths:
Siddhartha Gautama
Name the Four Noble Truths:
1. All life involves pain and suffering
2. Pain and suffering are caused by
desire
3. If desire is eliminated; then pain
and suffering are eliminated
4. Desire is eliminated by the Noble
Eightfold Path
He was the great teacher of Jainism, born
in northern India about 540 B.C.E. to a
prominent Kshatriya family. He taught an
ascetic doctrine of detachment from the
world and formed a monastic order to
perpetuate and spread his message. His
disciples referred to him as Jina, "the
conqueror," and referred to themselves
as Jains.
Vardhamana Mahavira
He was one of the two chief Aryan gods
of Early India. He was primarily a war god
and often depicted as a boisterous, harddrinking warrior. However, he had a more
domestic dimension as well and the
Aryans associated him with the weather,
especially the coming of rain and water
for the crops.
Indra
He was one of the two chief Aryan gods
of Early India, who presided in his
heavenly palace, oversaw moral behavior
and cosmic order, and reflected ethics.
He and his helpers despised lying and
evil deeds and they punished malefactors
terribly with disease and death.
Varuna
This is the Jainist principle of nonviolence
toward other living things or their souls.
To observe this principle, devout Jainist
monks went to extremes to avoid harming
the millions of souls they encountered
each day.
Ahimsa
This was a short poetic work of India. As
an episode of the Mahabharata, it
contained a dialogue between a warrior
Arjuna and the god Vishnu, which clearly
illustrated both the expectations and
promise of Hinduism for its believers.
Bhagavad-Gita
or
“ The Song of the Lord”
They were “Enlightened Beings," or
individuals who had reached spiritual
perfection and merited the reward of
nirvana but who intentionally delayed
their entry into Nirvana in order to help
others who were still struggling; a notion
articulated by Mahayana Buddhist
theologians between the 3rd and 1st
century C.E.
Bodhisattvas
This is the most popular religion of
salvation in India, drawing inspiration
from the Vedas and Upanishads. Basic
teachings included the four principal aims
of human life: obedience to religious and
moral laws (dharma); the pursuit of
economic well-being and honest
prosperity (artha); the enjoyment of
social, physical, and sexual pleasure
(kama); and the salvation of the soul
(moksha).
Hinduism
Although its members are very small in
numbers, this is one of the most
influential Indian religions; became
popular beginning in the late 5th century
B.C.; taught that everything possessed a
soul and the practice of nonviolence
toward other living things or their souls.
Jainism represented an alternative to the
traditional cults of Brahmins.
Jainism
This doctrine teaches that a person is
reincarnated according to how he lived
his prior life. Thus, virtuous men who led
good lives could expect to be reborn into
a higher and more distinguished caste.
However, those who led base lives could
expect to be reborn into a difficult
existence, lower caste or even as an
animal, insect or plant.
Karma
The greater vehicle or easier approach of
Buddhism is called _________ Buddhism
Mahayana
The lesser vehicle or harder approach of
Buddhism is called _________ Buddhism
Hinayana or Theravada
This doctrine held that upon death
individual souls go temporarily to the
World of the Fathers and then return to
earth in a new incarnation. Thus,
Reincarnation, which is believed to have
been handed down from the beliefs of
Dravidians, teaches that an individual
soul departs from one body at death and
becomes associated with another body
through a new birth.
Samsara
This was the Indian custom by which a
widow voluntarily (and sometimes not so
voluntarily) threw herself on the funeral
pyre of her deceased husband to join him
in death.
Sati or Suttee
This literature taught that appearances
are deceiving, that individual human
beings in fact are not separate and
autonomous creatures. Instead, each
person participates in a larger cosmic
order and forms a small part of a
universal soul, known as Brahman. The
highest goal was to escape this cycle of
birth and rebirth and enter into permanent
union with Brahman
Upanishads
The Hindu doctrine of _________ taught
that there was a permanent escape from
the cycle of reincarnation. Moreover,
since physical life involved pain and
suffering. This doctrine offered liberation
from the physical world and union with
Brahman. The two principal means of
attaining it were asceticism and
meditation
Moksha
He died in 483 and his last words were
said to be, “Decay is inherent in all
component things! Work out your
salvation with diligence!”
Siddhartha
or
the Buddha
The Hindu doctrine of _________ taught
that there was a permanent escape from
the cycle of reincarnation. Moreover,
since physical life involved pain and
suffering. This doctrine offered liberation
from the physical world and union with
Brahman. The two principal means of
attaining it were asceticism and
meditation
Moksha