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BASE OF CRANIUM FROM EXTERNAL SIDE HARD PALATE OCCIPITAL CONDYLE FORAMEN MAGNUM C)HARD PALATEHORIZONTAL PLATE OF PALATINE BONES & PALATINE PROCESS OF MAXILLARY BONES B)OCCIPITAL BONEHAS FORAMEN MAGNUM- SPINAL CORD; OCCIPITALCONDYLESFOR C1-ATLAS INCISIVE FORAMEN GREATER PALATINE FORAMEN LESSER PALATINE FORAMEN 4. BASE OF SKULL - COMPLEX C)HARD PALATEPALATINE BONES & PALATINE PROCESS OF MAXILLARY BONES STYLOID PROCESS OCCIPITAL CONDYLE FORAMEN MAGNUM A) TEMPORAL BONEHAS STYLOID PROCESS- MUSCLE ATTACH B) OCCIPITAL BONEHAS FORAMEN MAGNUM- SPINAL CORD; OCCIPITAL CONDYLES- FOR C1ATLAS 1. SPHENOID BONE – ‘CORE’ OF SKULL 2)SPINE OF SPHENOID INFERIOR SIDE ATTACH LIGAMENT LATERAL & MEDIAL PTERYGOID PLATES MUSCLE ATTACH HAMULUS OF MEDIAL PTERYGOID PLATE MEDIAL AND LATERAL PTERYGOID PLATES EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS CT Horizontal Pterygoid Plate Part 1 SPHENOID BONE-INSIDE SKULL forms parts of all cranial fossae; has: LESSER WING OF SPHENOID GREATER WING SELLA TURCICA i) Lesser Wing above superior orbital fissure; ii) Greater Wingbelow superior orbital fissure extends laterally; iii) Sella Turcica(turkish saddle) depression above main part (body) GREATER WING OF SPHENOIDLATERAL SIDE OF SKULL FORAMEN OVALE FORAMEN SPINOSUM SPINE OF SPHENOID BONE – Ligament attach BONY PART OF AUDITORY TUBE EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS TYMPANIC MEMBRANE MIDDLE EAR PHARYNX EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS AUDITORY TUBE (EUSTACHIAN TUBE) CAROTID CANAL – OPENS TO FORAMEN LACERUM INSIDE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA OPENING OF CAROTID CANAL (FORAMEN LACERUM) – INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY, SYMPATHETIC PLEXUS STYLOID PROCESS MASTOID PROCESS STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN – VII VII - FACIAL leaves Post. Cranial fossa via Internal Aud. Meatus - enters facial canal 1. Greater Petrosal N. GVE parasymp to Lacrimal gland, mucous glands of nose and palate, sens. to Nasopharynx 2. Stapedial N. - SVE motor to stapedius VII 3. Chorda Tympani SVA taste to ant 2/3 tongue GVE parasymp to submandibular, subling. salivary glands MIDDLE EAR: BOUNDARIES brain Oval window Facial nerve canal MEDIAL WALL OF TYMPANIC CAVITY = LATERAL WALL OF INNER EAR 5. Medial Wall Promontory - cochlea Round window NOSE Oval window (fenestra vestibuli) = attach stapes; Round window (fenestra cochlea) other end of cochlea VII - FACIAL 4. Posterior Auricular nerve Sensory to outer ear Motor auricular muscles occipitalis, frontalis 5. Motor Branches to Stylohyoid & Post Belly Digastric Post Auricular Stylohyoid & Post Belly Digastric 6. Motor to muscles of facial expression: Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical JUGULAR FORAMEN HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL - LOOK UNDER OCCIPITAL CONDYLE NASAL CAVITY SPHENOPALATINE FORAMEN PETROTYMPANIC` FISSURE PTERYGOMAXILLARY FISSURE – LEADS TO PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR FORAMINA – IN MAXILLARY BONE – CONNECT INFRATEMP. FOSSA TO MAX TEETH POST. SUP.ALV. N., A., V. FORAMEN OVALE FORAMEN SPINOSUM PTERYGOMAXILLARY FISSURE – LEADS TO PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA FORAMEN OVALE NOSE FORAMEN SPINOSUM MIDDLE MENINGEAL A. INFERIOR ALVEOLAR N. (V3) POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR N. V2 LINGUAL N. V3 FORAMINA OF ORBIT FORAMINA- MOST THINGS ENTER ORBIT FROM MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA 1) OPTIC CANAL- IN BASE OF LESSER WING OF SPHENOID BONE, CONTAINS OPTIC NERVE & OPHTHALMIC ARTERY 2) SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE BETWEEN GREATER AND LESSER WINGS OF SPHENOID, CONTAINS III, IV, V1, VI, OPTHALMIC VEINS OPTIC FORAMEN CN II OPTIC NERVE, OPHTHALMIC ARTERY FORAMINA OF ORBIT: OPTIC FORAMEN OPTIC FORAMEN AND CANAL SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE – CN III, IV V1, VI, OPHTHALMIC VEINS SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE 2) SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE BETWEEN GREATER AND LESSER WINGS OF SPHENOID, CONTAINS III, IV, V1, VI, OPTHALMIC VEINS 1) OPTIC CANAL- IN BASE OF LESSER WING OF SPHENOID BONE, CONTAINS OPTIC NERVE & OPHTHALMIC ARTERY NOSE INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE 1) INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE- SLIT BELOW SUP. ORBITAL FISSURE: BETWEEN SPHENOID & MAXILLARY - CONNECT PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA AND INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA WITH ORBIT - CONTAINS INFRAORBITAL AND ZYGOMATIC N., A. AND V. (V2, MAXILLARY A.) BONES OF ORBIT 3. MEDIAL WALL- INCLUDES MAXILLARY, LACRIMAL, ETHMOID, FRONTAL & SPHENOID (NASAL CAVITY IS MEDIAL TO MEDIAL WALL OF ORBIT) FRONTAL SPHENOID ETHMOID LACRIMAL MAXILLARY NOSE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL FORAMINA 2) ANT. & POST. ETHMOIDAL FORAMINABETWEEN ETHMOID & FRONTAL BONES CONNECT ORBIT & NASAL CAVITIES CONTAIN ANT & POST ETHMOIDAL N., A. & V. (V1 & OPHTHALIC A.) NASOLACRIMAL DUCT OPENING OF 3) NASOLACRIMAL DUCT- IN MAXILLARY, LACRIMAL BONES & INF. NASAL CONCHA CONTAINS MEMBRANEOUS NASOLACRIMAL DUCT & TEARS NASOLACRIMAL DUCT OTHER FORAMINA OF ORBIT ORBIT- SERVES AS PASSAGEWAY FOR NERVES, VESSELS TO FACE, SCALP & NASAL CAVITY 1) SUPRAORBITAL NOTCH OR FORAMEN-IN FRONTAL BONE CONTAINS SUPRAORBITAL N., A. and V. FROM V1, OPTHALMIC A. and V. 2) INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN- IN MAXILLARY BONE CONTAINS INFRAORBITAL N., A. and V. FROM V2 & MAXILLARY SKULL - bones rigidly connected by sutures to protect brain, attach move eyes I. CALVARIUM = SKULL CAPConsists of bones linked by sutures FRONTAL (1) BONES OF CALVARIUM PARIETAL (2) FRONTAL (1) SPHENOID (1) OCCIPITAL (1) TEMPORAL (2) NOSE NOSE B. SUTURES 1. CORONAL SUTURE 2. SAGITTAL SUTURE 3. LAMBDOIDAL SUTURE C. LANDMARKS 1. BREGMA - MID POINT OF CORONAL SUTURE 2. LAMBDA - MID POINT OF LAMBDOIDAL SUTURE CORONAL SUTURE LANDMARKS 3. PTERION - JUNCTION OF TEMPORAL SPHENOID PARIETAL & FRONTAL BONES NOSE D. FONTANELLES – MEMBRANES LINK BONES AT BIRTH 1. ANTERIOR FONTANELLE AT BREGMA - FONTANELLES PERMIT CRANIAL COMPRESSION AT BIRTH - CRANIAL GROWTH 2. POSTERIOR FONTANELLE AT LAMBDA 3. LATERAL FONTANELLE AT PTERION CRISTA GALLI OF ETHMOID OLFACTORY FORAMEN – CN I OLFACTORY NERVE OPTIC FORAMEN CN II OPTIC NERVE, OPHTHALMIC ARTERY SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE – CN III, IV V1, VI, OPHTHALMIC VEINS Cranial Nerves in Cranial Cavity Prosection of Orbit and Cavernous Sinus CAVERNOUS SINUS – III, IV, V1, V2, VI OPENING OF CAROTID CANAL (FORAMEN LACERUM) – INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY, SYMPATHETIC PLEXUS FORAMEN ROTUNDUM – CN V2 FORAMEN OVALE – CN V3, ACCESSORY MENINGEAL ARTERY FORAMEN SPINOSUM – MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY, NERVOUS SPINOSUS V1 V2 V3 TRIGEMINAL (SEMILUNAR) GANGLION INTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS – VII, VIII JUGULAR FORAMEN – CN IX, X, XI, INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL – CN XII FORAMEN MAGNUM – SPINAL CORD, VERTEBRAL ARTERY