Download Chapter 34 (In

Unit 5: Struggling for Justice at Home and Abroad
1901-1945
• Chapter 28: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt, 1901-1912
• Chapter 29: Wilsonian Progressivism in Peace and War, 1913-1920
• Exam: Chapters 28-29, Monday, February 13th
• Chapter 30: American Life in the “Roaring Twenties”, 1920-1929
• Chapter 31: The Politics of Boom and Bust, 1920-1932
• Chapter 32: The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1933-1939
• Exam: Chapters 30-32, Friday, March 3rd
• Chapter 33: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War, 1933-1941
• Chapter 34: America in World War II, 1941-1945
• Exam: Chapters 33-34, Wednesday, March 15th
• Unit Essay: Progressive Era
Monday
March 13, 2017
&
Tuesday
March 14, 2017
Chapter 34
America in World War II,
1941–1945
“Never before have we had so little time in which to do so much.”
-Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1942
I. The Allies Trade Space for Time
II. The Shock of War
• For the U.S., money & nationalism were not problems.
• America’s problem was having the time to mobilize:
food, clothing, armament, transportation, support
allies.
• WWII actually sped up assimilation of different
cultures, EXCEPT:
• Executive Order No. 9066: Government forcibly herded
Japanese-Americans together in concentration camps.
• SCOTUS upheld the constitutionality of the Japanese
relocation in Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)
• WWII brought major changes to the American identity:
• New Deal programs were removed.
• WWII was not billed as a crusade, but a necessary war.
American Propaganda
This incredibly racist poster was
meant to inspire Americans to
work hard on the home front in
support of the war.
Three Boys at Manzanar
III. Building the War Machine
IV. Manpower and Womanpower
• As in WWI, the economy mobilized in support of WWII.
• Depression became a memory as industry boomed.
• War Production Board (WPB) stopped the manufacture of nonessential
items, controlled natural resources, and aided farmers in producing
crops.
• Economic strain did exist in the form of inflation.
• Everyone was working + scarce consumer goods = inflation.
• The Office of Price Administration (OPA) controlled prices.
• The National War Labor Board (NWLB) worked to maintain stability
between labor and business – strikes still occurred.
• Population was never a problem for the U.S.
• Millions “joined up.”
• 216,000 women, who were employed for noncombat duties also went
to war (WACs, WAVES)
• 6 million women went to work in place of men.
• The Bracero program dealt with any shortages by encouraging Mexican
workers to come to the U.S.
The Four Freedoms, by
Norman Rockwell
VI. Holding the Home Front
• The American home front did not suffer as in
other countries.
• Economy was invigorated by the war.
• Government became even more involved in citizen’s
lives.
• WWII cost $330 billion.
• 10 times the direct cost of World War I.
• Twice as much as all previous federal spending since
1776.
• Income tax was increased to pay for the war.
• 3/5 of money used to pay for the war was borrowed –
national debt SKYROCKETED.
Rosie the Riveter
WWII: the height of war-time propaganda in America
V. Wartime Migrations
• 15 million men and women decided to move to a new
part of the nation during/after the war.
• War industries drew people into boomtowns—Los Angeles,
Detroit, Seattle, Baton Rouge
• The south experienced dramatic changes.
• 1.6 million African-Americans left the South for jobs in the
war plants of the West and North.
• This turned race relations into a national, not a regional, issue
as tensions rose over employment, housing, segregation.
• FDR established the Fair Employment Practices Commission
(FEPC) to uphold equality in war industries.
• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE): new organization
committed to nonviolent “direct action”
• Many Native Americans left reservations for cities.
• 25,000 men joined the military.
• Many served as “code talkers.”
Top: “Tuskegee Airmen”
Bottom: Navajo “Code Talkers”
Internal Migration in
the United States
During World War II
The National Debt,
1930–1950
United States Thrusts
in the Pacific, 1942–1945
1942: Stop the Japanese Advance
1943: Focus on Europe
1944-45: Finish the job on both fronts
VII. The Rising Sun in the Pacific
• After Pearl Harbor, Japan was incredibly
successful.
• Japan’s limited resources meant it had to win quickly,
or die slowly.
• In early 1942, Japan took:
•
•
•
•
American outposts of Guam, Wake, the Philippines
British-Chinese city port of Hong Kong and British Malaya
Jungles of Burma
Parts of the oil-rich Dutch East Indies
• Only General Douglas MacArthur (American) was
able to slow the Japanese down in the
Philippines.
• MacArthur was eventually ordered to retreat to
Australia.
• The army he left behind was treated cruelly – Bataan
Death March.
General MacArthur’s return to the
Philippines, 1944
MacArthur’s return would occur only after
years of brutal fighting in the Pacific.
VIII. Japan’s High Tide at Midway
• The Japanese continued to expand – perhaps
too far.
• Invaded New Guinea, and landed on the Solomon
Islands.
• Their expansion was finally stopped by a crucial
naval battle fought in the Coral Sea, May 1942.
• Japan next undertook to seize Midway Island, June
1942 – strategic airfield.
• Admiral Chester W. Nimitz led Americans to victory by
sinking four Japanese aircraft carriers.
• Fighting done entirely in the air.
Midway and its airfields
IX. American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo
• After Midway  “Island Hopping”.
• Americans bypassed the most heavily fortified Japanese
posts and captured nearby islands.
• On those islands, they would build airfields from which
they could bomb enemy bases.
• Goal: cut off Japanese bases’ supply lines.
• Both sides fought fiercely for Guadalcanal Island.
• Japanese troops finally evacuated the island in February,
1943
• MacArthur was able to hold onto New Guinea, the
last buffer protecting Australia.
• Marianas, including America’s conquered Guam,
were assaulted in June 1944.
• The following day, in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, U.S.
naval forces sank several Japanese carriers.
• Bombing of Japan began November 1944.
U.S. Troops at Guadalcanal
United States Thrusts
in the Pacific, 1942–1945
1942: Stop the Japanese Advance
1943: Focus on Europe
1944-45: Finish the job on both fronts
World War II in Europe and
North Africa, 1939–1945
Path of U.S:
1. Africa
2. Italy
3. France
4. Race for Berlin
X. The Allied Halting of Hitler
• By 1942, Hitler dominated continental Europe,
but the tide turned slowly in favor of the Allies.
• At sea, the Allies learned to hunt u-boats using
air patrols, radar, and by bombing submarine
bases.
• The turning point of the land-air war against
Hitler came late in 1942 in Europe and Africa.
• In August British/American planes began bombing
German cities.
• The Germans, under Erwin Rommel—the “Desert
Fox”—drove across North Africa into Egypt, but were
stopped by British General Bernard Montgomery at El
Alamein.
• In September 1942 the Soviets stalled the Germans at
Stalingrad.
Never Invade Russia with a Land Army
Napoleon failed, and so would Hitler. A
German prisoner is marched to a camp by a
Soviet soldier.
XI. A Second Front from North Africa to Rome
• The Second Front
• Americans, including FDR, wanted to invade France in 1942 or 1943.
• Great Britain, remembering the losses of WWI, wanted to soften the Axis
Powers by hitting the “soft underbelly” of Europe – Africa & Italy.
• North Africa became the compromise second front.
• The November 1942 attack was led by American general Dwight D.
(“Ike”) Eisenhower.
• After savage fighting, the German-Italian army was finally trapped in
Tunisia and surrendered in May, 1943.
• At Casablanca Conference (January 1943), FDR and Churchill
agreed to:
• Step up the Pacific war
• Invade Sicily & increase pressure on Italy to leave the war
• Insist on “unconditional surrender” of the enemy
• Allies next invaded Italy.
• Sicily fell in August 1943.
• Italy surrendered unconditionally in September 1943
• Mussolini was deposed, but rescued by the Germans, before he was
finally murdered by his own people in 1945.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
He led the invasion of Africa and
was later chosen as the supreme
allied commander.
XII. D-Day: June 6, 1944
• The Soviets were screaming for a second front by
1944.
• Tehran Conference: Big 3 (FDR, Churchill, Stalin – late
1943)
• Agreed on Soviet invasion of Germany, Allied invasion of
France.
• D-Day, June 6, 1944
• After desperate fighting, the Allies eventually broke out
of the Normandy landing zone and slowly moved across
France.
• General George S. Patton led American tanks across
France.
• With the assistance of the French “underground” Paris
was liberated in August 1944.
The Big 3 (top) met in Tehran,
where it was decided that they
would force Hitler to fight a twofront war. Normandy (bottom)
was part of that plan.
XV. The Last Days of Hitler
• Hitler’s last offensive: the Battle of the Bulge
• December 16, 1944: Germans attacked Americans at the Ardennes
Forest.
• His objective was the Belgian port of Antwerp, key to the Allied
supply operation, but his forces never got close.
• Americans/British moved east while Soviets moved west.
• As Americans and Soviets moved through German controlled
territory, they encountered concentration camps.
• In March 1945 American troops reached Germany’s Rhine River.
• The Soviets reached Berlin in April 1945.
• Leadership changed as Germany collapsed.
• President Roosevelt suddenly died at Warm Springs, Georgia, April
12, 1945 – Harry Truman became president.
• Adolf Hitler committed suicide in an underground bunker on April
30, 1945.
• On May 7, 1945, the German government surrendered
unconditionally.
• May 8 was officially proclaimed V-E Day.
Top: Battle of the Bulge,
December 1944–January 1945
Bottom: Nazi Concentration &
Death Camps
World War II in Europe and
North Africa, 1939–1945
Path of U.S:
1. Africa
2. Italy
3. France
4. Race for Berlin
The war in Europe came
to a dizzying end in 1945,
as Americans and Soviets
celebrated together, the
horrors of the holocaust
were revealed to the
world, and Harry S.
Truman replaced FDR.
United States Thrusts
in the Pacific, 1942–1945
1942: Stop the Japanese Advance
1943: Focus on Europe
1944-45: Finish the job on both fronts
XVI. Japan Dies Hard
• American submarines were devastating what was left of
Japan’s military/commercial fleets.
• Japan could no longer gather resources.
• General MacArthur completed the conquest of New
Guinea and moved north-west for the Philippines (1944).
• Japan’s navy made one last effort to destroy MacArthur.
• A gigantic clash at Leyte Gulf, fought on the sea, and in the air,
was actually three battles (October 23-26, 1944) – all of which
were won by the Americans.
• Americans destroyed many Japanese cities with constant
bombing.
• The massive firebomb raid on Tokyo, March 9-10, 1945 killed
as many people as died at Hiroshima.
• Iwo Jima & Okinawa were captured after fierce resistance
in March & June 1945.
• These islands could be used to continue bombing and later
invade Japan’s main islands.
Tokyo Destroyed
After having industrialized at an incredible rate,
Japan’s major cities and infrastructure were
destroyed in WWII.
XVII. The Atomic Bombs
• America was planning an all-out invasion of the main islands of Japan.
• Americans were aware that Japanese were searching for peace – through USSR.
• Japan still showed no outward willingness to surrender unconditionally to the
Allies.
• Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
• Truman met with Joseph Stalin and the British leaders.
• The conference issued a strong ultimatum to Japan: surrender or be destroyed.
• The Manhattan Project had developed the first atomic bomb.
• With Japan still refusing to surrender, America dropped atomic bombs
on Hiroshima (August 6th)
• About 180,000 people were killed, wounded or missing (70,000 died instantly).
• Stalin then entered the war against Japan & swept through China.
• Japan still did not surrender, so on August 9th Nagasaki was bombed.
• On August 10, 1945 Tokyo asked for peace with V-J Day coming on
September 2, 1945.
The Big 3: Churchill, Truman, and
Stalin
Churchill’s party had actually just been
voted out of power, which meant
Clement Atlee would be the new prime
minister. Churchill’s party would return
to power in 1951, and he would again
serve as prime minister.
Hiroshima, Japan, August 1945
The almost incomprehensibly destructive power of history’s first atomic bomb is vividly evident in this
photograph. The single bomb killed an estimated 130,000 Japanese, many of whom succumbed months
after the blast to agonizing deaths from exposure to radiation.
p820
United States Thrusts
in the Pacific, 1942–1945
1942: Stop the Japanese Advance
1943: Focus on Europe
1944-45: Finish the job on both fronts
XVIII. The Allies Triumphant
• World War II proved to be terribly costly.
• American forces suffered some 1 million casualties.
• Medicinal improvements actually saved many more lives than in previous wars.
• The Soviet suffered casualties many times greater; more than 25 million people were
killed .
• WWII was the first war that killed more civilians than armed combatants.
• Other Results
•
•
•
•
America emerged with its mainland virtually unscathed.
The United States proved to be an efficient, effective fighting force.
American leadership proved itself: FDR, Truman, Eisenhower, MacArthur, Nimitz
American industry continued to prove itself.