Download CHAPTER 1: THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 1:
THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY
Name:______________________
WHAT EXACTLY IS GEOGRAPHY?
Geography and Its Branches
• Geography = Study of __________ on the
Earth from rocks to rainfall to places and
people!
• 2 branches of Geography:
– Physical geography = focuses on the Earth’s
________environments and processes that affect
them
– Human geography = focuses on where ________
live, how they live, and what they do
Physical Geography
or Human Geography?
Links Between Physical Geography and
Human Geography
• What links physical and human geography is the
___________ of the environment and people
HOW DO GEOGRAPHERS VIEW THE
WORLD?
Spatial Perspective
• Geographers use a spatial perspective to
______________________
– This means that they look for patterns in where
things are located on Earth and try to explain the
patterns
Connection Between
Geography and Maps
• Maps are very important in helping
geographers find and understand these
patterns
– Cartography = study of _____ and mapmaking
– Most maps today are made using ___________
How Google Builds Its Maps
Geographers Organize the World
Into Regions
• Geographers organize the Earth into regions
makes it easier to study
• There are 3 basic regions that geographers
look at:
–___________
–___________
–___________
Formal Regions
• Formal region = one or more common
features makes it different from surrounding
areas
• Can be based upon lots of different characteristics:
physical features, climate, population, income levels
• See examples on attached page:
______
Region
________________Region
Regions where “___________” live
Region where Young Urban
________________are settling
Other examples?
Functional Regions
• Functional region = made up of different
places that are linked together and function as
a unit.
– Usually organized around a central point that
connects the other areas
– See examples on attached page:
Shopping_____
Detroit ___________System
Detroit ____________
Area
Other examples?
Perceptual Regions
• Perceptual Region = regions that reflect
human _____ and attitudes about the region.
• See examples on next page. . .
Examples of
Perceptual Regions:
• Referring to
“________” -- if you are
from Michigan
• Saying “Home Sweet
Home” – but where is
home?
• Saying “Back in the Old
Country” – but which
Old Country?
Other examples?
Five Basic Themes in Geography
WHAT TYPES OF TOOLS DO
GEOGRAPHERS USE?
Geographers Use Globes
• Globes have lines that run East and West and
North and South that form a grid
• Certain lines on the grid have special names
_______ Pole
Equator:
imaginary
line that is
exactly half
way
between
the North
Pole and
South Pole
_______ Pole
Prime
Meridian:
imaginary
line from
North Pole
through
Greenwich,
England to
South Pole
Latitude and Longitude
Latitude lines run
East and West.
W
E
Longitude lines run
North and South.
N
S
Latitude Lines
• Run East and West but they measure the distance
North and South of the Equator.
• Called parallels because they run parallel to the
Equator.
• Parallels north of the Equator  marked with an “___”
• Parallels south of the Equator  marked with an “___”
• 0° = latitude line at the Equator
• 90°N = latitude line at the _______Pole
• 90°S = latitude line at the _______ Pole
Longitude Lines
• Run North and South but measure the distance East and
West from the Prime Meridian
• Meridians west of Prime Meridian  marked with a “___”
• Meridians east of Prime Meridian  marked with an “__”
• 0° = longitude line at the Prime Meridian
• 180° = longitude line on meridian in mid-Pacific Ocean
Latitude/Longitude
Reminder Stick
N
L
O
N
G
I
T
U
D
E
S
W
L A T I T U D E
E
What Do Latitude and Longitude
Lines Help Us Do?
• Parallels and meridians measure distances in degrees
• The symbol for degrees is °
• Example of a location using longitude and latitude
measurements: 48°N, 25°W
• These measurements are the coordinates for a
location
• Intersection of Latitude and Longitude lines help us
to identify the ________location of a particular place
Which is the latitude and longitude of
New York City?
(See map on page S23 – S24 in textbook)
a.
b.
c.
d.
42°S, 82°W
35°N, 20°W
41°N, 74°W
42°N, 74°E
Identifying More Latitude and
Longitude Coordinates
Use any of the maps located at the front of your
textbook to find the latitude and longitude
coordinates for the following cities:
• Sydney, Australia =
• Beijing, China =
• Cairo, Egypt =
• Dublin, Ireland =
• Rio de Janeiro, Brazil =
• Washington, D.C. =
Songs About Latitude and Longitude
• Latitude and Longitude -- They are Useful!
• Can you make up a rap or poem about latitude
and longitude????
Northern and Southern Hemispheres
• Equator divides the
globe into 2
hemispheres
• The half lying _____ of
the equator is the
Northern Hemisphere
• The half lying _____ of
the equator is the
Southern Hemisphere
Eastern and Western Hemispheres
• The Prime Meridian
and the 180° Meridian
divide the world into
the Eastern Hemisphere
and the Western
Hemisphere
Problem: The Prime Meridian separates
parts of Europe and Africa into 2 different
hemispheres
• Solution: Some geographers divide the Eastern and
Western Hemisphere in the Atlantic Ocean at 20°W
rather than at the Prime Meridian
• This adjustment results in the Eastern and Western
Hemispheres being depicted like this:
Continents
• The continents consist of the 7 large land
masses that make up the Earth’s surface
• The 7 continents are . . .