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AP TEST REVIEW
PART ONE
Renaissance, Reformation,
& Religious Wars
1
RENAISSANCE POLITICS
ITALY: CITY STATE SYSTEM
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Ruled by dictatorial princes
Constant warring between states--done by
mercenaries called condottieri
States were: Milan (Sforza), Venice, Florence
(Medici) (cultural center), Papal States (popes),
& Naples
Machiavelli: wrote for Lorenzo de Medici (The
Prince and Circle of Governments)
2
National Monarchies
Created by the absorption of smaller feudal
states
Had professional standing armies
By 1500, the four great national monarchies
were England, France, Spain, and Portugal.
3
100 Years’ War (1337 - 1453)
Caused by conflicts between England and
France over Flanders and over French
succession.
Began when English King Edward III
claimed the French throne and the French
nobility refused to recognize his claim.
4
100 Years’ War, Continued
England invaded France and won several
big battles. By 1360, a truce gave much of
SW France to England.
By 1375, the French, under Charles V,
reclaimed all but Calais and a bit of
Burgundy.
5
100 Years’ War, Continued
A big English victory at Agincourt in 1415
led Charles VI to sign the Treaty of Troyes
(1420) which recognized English king
Henry V as the rightful heir to the French
throne. Henry died in 1422.
Joan of Arc’s victories eventually led to a
French victory, and the war ended in 1453
with England getting only Calais.
6
Results of the 100 Years War
French sovereignty
Strong French bureaucracy under Louis XI
with high taxes, a strong army, and crown
support of the merchant class.
A rise in the power of the English
parliament and English disillusionment with
their monarchy
The War of the Roses
7
The War of the Roses
(1455-1485)
Yorks (White) vs. Lancasters (Red)
Won by Henry VII
Created the Tudor monarchy which lasted
until the death of Elizabeth in 1603.
Curtailment of the power of the nobility-the establishment of the court of the star
chamber.
8
Spain
By the 8th Century, the Moors (Moslems)
had conquered most of modern-day Spain.
By the 11th Century, Spain was falling
apart with many independent regions.
By 1212, the Re-conquest (Reconquista) of
Spain by the N. Christians of Aragon,
Castile, and Leon left the Moors with only
Grenada, in S. Spain. (El Cid, et. al)
9
The Modern Spanish Nation
1469: Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon
and Isabella of Castile unites the regions
into “Spain.”
1478: Inquisition began
1492: Columbus sent to the new world-beginning of Spanish conquests.
1492: The Moors were driven out of Spain.
10
Achievements of Ferdinand and
Isabella
Limited the power of the Cortes (legislative
Assembly) and weakened the power of the
nobility by supporting the merchants.
Funded exploration, bringing great wealth
from the New World
Monarchs appointed church officials and
controlled religious policy.
Tried to establish religious unity in hopes
of also fostering political unity.
11
Spanish Inquisition
Designed to suppress the corruption of the
Spanish clergy and root out “heretics.”
Heretics were any non-Catholics, especially
Moslems and Jews.
Led by Cisneros and Torquemada
Used any means necessary to subdue
dissent
Spread the inquisition to conquered
territories, such as the Spanish Netherlands
12
Effects of the Inquisition
Expelled tens of thousands of Muslim and
Jewish scholars and skilled traders and
manufacturers.
Many of those expelled during the
inquisition fled to Italy and were catalysts
for developments in the Italian renaissance.
Their loss severely hurt Spanish
development.
13
Portugal
Independence achieved in 1355.
Active in early exploration, especially with
the leadership of Prince Henry the
Navigator.
By 1525, Portugal had vast holdings in the
New World (Brazil, Angola, parts of India
and Pakistan)
14
Holy Roman Empire
The Hapsburg family 1st gained control in
1273 with Count Rudolph of Hapsburg.
After his death, several families vied for
control of Central Europe.
1356: Golden Bull established the election
of the Holy Roman Emperor by 7 electors.
By 1400, the Hapsburgs maintained
continuous control of the Austrian part of
the HRE until 1918.
15
The HRE Falls Apart
During the Protestant Reformation, the
HRE split into over 350 separate duchies.
The N. German princes were looking for an
excuse to break away from the authority of
the HR Emperor and the Pope, and used
religion as a pretext for their developing
autonomy.
The HRE’s disunity remained a problem
until the 19th century.
16
The Swiss Confederacy
The 13 cantons of Switzerland broke away
from the HRE in a series of wars in the late
1300’s.
Their independence was not officially
recognized until the Treaty of Westphalia
(1648).
The cantons were split between
Catholicism and Calvinism.
17
The Baltic Confederation
The Baltic Confederation was originally a
set of independent cities located on the
Baltic Sea.
Eventually, about 80 of the small cities
joined together to protect their commercial
interests in the region.
The Hanseatic League was designed to
allow these cities to control Baltic Sea
trade.
18
RENAISSANCE ECONOMICS
During the middle ages, manorialism
developed due to the fact that money
virtually disappeared from use in Europe
and trade nearly came to a complete halt.
Renaissance economic developments were
dominated by the rise of capitalism and the
disintegration of manorialism (feudal
bargaining).
19
Renaissance Capitalism
As renaissance society became more
settled, they began to produce surpluses and
began to trade with other regions.
This growth of trade led to the development
of towns and the rise of a merchant class.
Towns eventually became interdependent
and needed trade to survive.
Money again was used and barter
eventually came to a halt.
20
Reasons for the Growth of
Capitalism
Crusades: increased trade
Exploration: As developing states got $,
they outfitted parties to explore and find
routes to get to the riches in the east. This
led to new riches, new trade routes, and new
diseases, such as the plague.
Gold: precious metals expanded the
European economy, fueled inflation, and
put more currency in European economies.
21
Another Reason: The Growth of
Towns/Merchant Class
Led to the eventual decline of the power of
the nobility and the shift away from land
being the only source of wealth and power.
Led to the growth of trade
Led monarchs to develop stronger armies
and navies to protect trade and commercial
interests.
22
More Reasons: Population
Growth/Cottage Industries
Population growth created a pool of
laborers and possible consumers. This
growth was partially checked by the plague
during some decades.
Cottage Industries began to develop as the
agricultural revolution allowed some
families to leave the farm and concentrate
on skills such as weaving, furniture making,
etc.
23
Another Reason: New
Techniques and Inventions
Inventions such as the printing press,
banking systems, bills of exchange, and
double entry bookkeeping made
transactions easier and capital more
available. This encouraged the growth of
trade and commerce.
New inventions also encouraged the growth
of cottage industries, but the majority of
Europeans were still farmers until the late
18th century.
24
Areas of Trade
Began in the Italian city states because they
brought goods from the East through the
Mediterranean and sent them overland to
the rest of Europe.
Flanders: center of cloth and woolen trade
Hanseatic League dominated Baltic trade
England, Netherlands, & France dominated
Atlantic trade by the 1500’s.
25
Results of Economic Expansion
Decline of feudalism: money economy,
cash payment of rents, consolidation of
smaller farms
New Business Organizations: partnerships,
chartered companies, and joint stock
companies
Revival of Slavery: (there was limited
opposition to this by some church leaders)
Growth of secularism and individualism
26
RENAISSANCE
CHARACTERISTICS
(1350 - 1550)
Humanism emerges to challenge traditional
church beliefs
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interest in Greco-Roman civilization
emphasis placed on human abilities, not on
religious dictates
tried to discover and copy forgotten classical
manuscripts and tried to write in the classical
style.
27
More Characteristics
Growth of Secularism: Religious influence
in science, economics, education, and daily
life declined as the church became
discredited due to the great schism,
renaissance scientific discoveries, and the
church’s refusal to accept change.
28
More Characteristics
The renaissance emphasized different
qualities than the medieval period:
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Individualism: People saw themselves as
individuals who could gain wealth and fame due
to their own efforts. They began to see that they
could think for themselves and didn’t need the
church, the guild, or the nobility to tell them what
to do.
Versatility: good at many things (well-rounded)
Thirst for learning
Use of the vernacular
29
THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
The Italian Renaissance differed somewhat
from the Renaissance in Northern Europe.
While the Italian renaissance focused on
art, humanism, and education, the N.
European renaissance focused on the
reformation of the church and the birth of
Protestantism.
30
Why Italy?
Italy = center of early European
commercial life. So, Italians were
constantly introduced to new ideas from
other civilizations (esp. from the Moslems
and the Byzantines).
Secularism fostered by: Italy’s favorable
econ. situation, & political cynicism
fostered by the reality of the feuding city
states, and writers such as Machiavelli.
31
Why Italy?
Families made wealthy by trade and
political power wanted to become the
patrons of the arts. Many such as the
Medici’s sponsored a lot of art, because
they wanted to prove they were more
powerful than the other wealthy families.
Contact with past Roman glory was more
immediate, due to Italy’s location.
32
Literature
Dante: Divine Comedy - 1st major work in
the vernacular
Petrarch: known as the father of
humanism; focused on the study of classical
civilizations
Machiavelli: The Prince - all governments
are flawed; “the ends justify the means;”
beginning of “realpolitik.”
33
More Literature
Boccaccio: Decameron: 100 tales of
people who had taken refuge in a country
house in Florence when the plague struck.
Shocking for its day--some stories nearly
obscene.
Castiglione: Book of the Courtier; This
work provided directions on how a
renaissance gentleman should live.
Emphasized civic duty, versatility, and
moral conduct.
34
Art
Support from secular patrons led to the
development of some non-religious work as
well as the religious works sponsored by the
church.
Renaissance art was more lifelike and
realistic and used mathematical and
scientific principles (proportion, vanishing
point, etc.); chiaroscuro, sfumato
35
Famous Renaissance
Artists & Sculptors
Artists: Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel) and
Leonardo da Vinci (Mona Lisa, the Last
Supper) Rafael (School of Athens)
Sculptors: Donatello (David) &
Michelangelo (David)
36
The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific revolution began during the
renaissance and challenged traditional
scientific ideas that were held by the
church, esp. those espoused by Aristotle.
Scientific discoveries were fueled by the
new attitudes and confidence in human
abilities and in turn encouraged secularism
and the church largely refused to accept
new findings.
37
Science
Copernicus: heliocentric universe
overturns the Ptolemaic (geocentric)
system. (circular orbits)
Galileo: improved the telescope &
supported Cop’s view. Experimented with
the rate of speed of falling bodies (his
findings were later used by Newton) and
saw craters on the moon. Put under house
arrest.
38
Science
Leonardo da Vinci: An inventor whose
ideas were beyond his time, he had
notebooks full of drawings of plans for his
inventions.
William Harvey: Discovered the
circulation of blood in the human body.
39
Education
Humanists favored a liberal arts education
which was to include geometry, arithmetic,
music, astronomy, literature, and history.
Humanists favored the use of the vernacular
in education, so more merchants could be
educated.
40
THE NORTHERN EUROPEAN
RENAISSANCE
As trade grew and the medieval social,
economic, and political institutions began to
break down, the Renaissance spread
northward.
Often, the Northern European renaissance
is also referred to as the Reformation.
41
Northern Humanism
Similar to Italian humanism in that both
rejected medieval scholarship and valued
classical civilizations.
Different from Italian humanism because it
placed more emphasis on purifying the
Christian religion and encouraging a return
to simple Christian piety.
42
Actions of N. Humanists
Attacked the abuses of the Catholic church.
De-emphasized the observance of ritual as
the core of religious life.
Worked to produce new translations of the
Bible from the original Hebrew and Greek
texts and revived the study of these
languages.
Supported changes in University
curriculum in Germany.
43
Erasmus (1466-1536)
Nicknamed “Prince of the Humanists”
Dominated the intellectual thought of the
N. renaissance
His book, In Praise of Folly, satirized
ignorance, superstition, and many Church
practices.
Criticized corruption of the church and
called for men to lead simple Christian lives
Published a revised edition of the New
Testament.
44
N. Renaissance Art
Dominated by the “Dutch Masters,” such as
Rembrandt, Breughel and Van Eyck.
Simple art which usually depicted everyday
life or people in society. (Nightwatch,
Arnolfini Wedding, The Wedding Banquet)
Protestant churches were very plain in
contrast to the baroque styles encouraged by
the Catholic church (Bernini, etc.).
45
The Printing Press
The most important invention of the 15th
century was the printing press, generally
credited to Johann Gutenberg (c. 1450).
Printing by moveable type was cheap and
greatly increased the circulation of books.
Printing also increased the need for
education, fostered the use of propaganda,
and allowed scholars from remote areas to
share ideas and scientific findings.
46
The Protestant Reformation
Interconnected to the Renaissance and
spurred on by rise of the merchant/middle
class, the growth of individualism, and
more activity in Biblical scholarship from
original texts.
Urged a return to a stronger Christian faith
Had distinct political overtones and
reflected the growth of nationalism.
47
Underlying Causes: Religious
Religious abuses were rampant and
Catholic reforms were too little, too late.
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Simony: sale of church offices
Immoral behavior of the clergy
sale of indulgences & dispensations
Index of Prohibited Books
48
Underlying Causes: Social and
Political
Humanism
Many political rulers saw the Church as a
foreign (Italian) imposition on their growing
political control and hated the fact that the
church had its own courts, owned much
land, and was exempt from local taxes.
N. German princes saw religious reform as
an excuse to pursue nationalistic desires to
break away from the HRE.
49
Underlying Causes: Economic
Papal taxes were a hated burden on
European nations and the rulers, the
merchants, and the peasants all resented the
payments.
Thought they were getting very little for
their money.
Popes, Cardinals, and bishops lived lavishly
at the expense of other Europeans.
50
Martin Luther & Lutheranism
1517: Luther, a monk, posted the 95 Theses
on the door of the church in Wittenberg to
protest the sale of indulgences and its abuse
by John Tetzel.

The printing press soon spread his ideas all
over Germany.
“Justification by faith alone”: salvation
achieved by faith in God rather than by
doing good works to “earn” one’s way to
heaven or by the purchase of indulgences.
51
Controversy and Support
Although Luther was quickly opposed by
the pope and other church officials, he
gained support from many German
humanists and princes who resented the
control of the church and the HR emperor.
Protected from Charles V by Frederick the
Wise of Saxony
52
More Controversy
Charles V ordered Luther to recant at the
Diet of Worms. He refused and was again
protected by N. German princes.
Luther refused to support the Peasant’s
Uprising (1524-25) and alienated many
peasants, calling for their destruction.
Eventually married and started the Lutheran
Church
53
Luther’s Ideas
Separation of church and state
Denied the Catholic Church hierarchy
Bible is the final authority in religious
matters (not what church officials said)
Recognized only 2 sacraments: Baptism
and Eucharist
Rejected Transubstantiation in favor or
Consubstantiation.
54
Religious Warfare
1530: council called at Augsburg by
Charles V to reconcile Catholic and
Lutheran differences.
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The Augsburg confession was the Lutheran
position, but it was rejected by the Catholics.
Protestants formed the Schmalkaldic League
for protection.
1546: War broke out between N. Protestant
states and the Catholic HRE.
55
The Peace of Augsburg
After a series of stalemates, the Peace of
Augsburg was signed in 1555.
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“cius regio, eius religio”
provided religious freedom only to the princes:
everyone else was forced to abide by the
religion of the ruler.
only Lutheranism and Catholicism were
considered to be legal religions
denied Calvinism
Lutheranism soon spread all over Sweden,
56
Norway, Finland, and N. Germany.
Zwingli (1484 - 1531)
Swiss Reformer from Zurich
“Justification by faith alone”
Bible is final authority, not the pope
differed from Luther by saying that the
Eucharist was entirely symbolic.
War broke out between the 8 protestant
cantons and the 5 catholic ones. They
remained divided religiously, but made
peace in 1531.
57
John Calvin (1509 - 1564)
Frenchman who was forced into exile in
Geneva when his protestant ideas came into
conflict with the catholic monarchy in France.
Main ideas were found in his book: Institutes
of the Christian Religion.
Founder of Calvinism, the basis of what is
more commonly known as Puritanism.
58
Calvinism
Bible is the final authority
Predestination: God has already decided
who will be saved (“the elect”) and who
will not be (“the damned”).
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The elect will uphold God’s teachings and lead
exemplary lives. Their good works are only an
outward sign of their salvation.
People are saved by faith, not by good works.
Purely symbolic communion
Theocracy
59
Calvinism, continued
Calvin’s ideas spread to other locations and
became popular in Europe:
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France: Huguenots
Scotland: John Knox - Presbyterian church
England: Puritanism
Holland: Dutch Reformed Church
60
The English Reformation
English humanists and pre-reformers (such
as Hus and Wycliffe) called for an end to
the materialism of the church.
Many English nobles strongly resented
papal dues and church controls.
England’s remote location gave it more
independence in religious matters.
61
Henry VIII & Reformation
Henry sends Cardinal Wolsey to get him an
annulment from the pope. The pope refused

(Charles V’s troops had sacked Rome in 1527,
and the pope was under the control of Charles).
Henry arrested Wolsey for treason and
appointed Thomas Cranmer as the new
Archbishop of Canterbury.

Cranmer annulled the marriage.
62
Henry, Continued
1534: Act of Supremacy - king replaces the
pope as head of the English church and
monasteries dissolved.
Church lands were confiscated
Formal establishment of the Anglican
Church (Church of England)
After having a variety of wives, Henry
died.
63
The Catholic Counter-Reformation
The Council of Trent (1545 - 1563): led by
Charles V, this council 1st tried to achieve
reconciliation with the Protestants and then
tried to save the Catholic church from
destruction.
Unsuccessful in stopping the reformation,
but did encourage internal reform of the
Catholic church.
64
Decisions
Faith and good works were both necessary
for salvation
Although the Bible was an essential
authority, Church tradition and law was
supreme in interpreting it.
Reconfirmed the 7 sacraments
Ended internal corruption
Ended the sale of indulgences
65
Formation of the Jesuits
Formed in Spain by St. Ignatius Loyola,
this religious order stressed absolute
obedience to Catholic doctrine and beliefs,
but combined these ideas with the need for
humanist education.
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Education for youth in schools/universities
moral influence of the church in rel. schools
missionary activity
winning political influence as advisors to
princes
66
The Invasions of Italy
The Italian city-states were attractive to
invaders for several reasons:


67
They were wealthy territories which were a
tempting target for stronger powers
They were quite small and were easy prey for
larger powers.
The Empire of Charles V (1519
- 1556)
Charles inherited a huge empire from his father
and grandparents which included the HRE,
Spain, the Low Countries, and the Italian States.
Conquered much of Italy by 1525
Charles allowed his troops to sack Rome in
1527.
1530: Charles made peace with the Pope and
was given the title “King of Italy.”
68
Weaknesses of Charles’ Empire
Geographically, his empire was so spread
out it was difficult to control.
N. German princes were striving for some
measure of autonomy and were using
religion as a pretext for rebellion.
The reformation had already begun when
he became emperor, and this created
religious division and wars.
69
The End of Charles’ Reign
1555: The Peace of Augsburg established
some measure of religious freedom in the
HRE (cuius regio, eius religio)
1556: Charles retired to a monastery
1556: Ferdinand I (his brother) got the
HRE and Philip II (his son) got Spain,
Netherlands, Naples, Milan, and the New
World colonies.
70
Spain Under Philip II
- 1598)
(1556
Philip inherited a nation blessed with great
wealth in the form of gold and silver from
the New World. He squandered much of it
by:


71
spending huge amounts of resources by fighting
religious wars to try to halt the spread of the
Reformation;
purchasing luxury items from other nations to
keep the Spanish nobility happy.
The Dutch Revolt
Under the leadership of William of Orange
(William the Silent), the Calvinist Dutch
provinces (the Netherlands) united with the
Catholic Dutch provinces (Belgium) to assert
their independence from Spanish control.
The Calvinist provinces resented the
Inquisition and all of the provinces resented the
payment of taxes to Spain.
72
The Dutch, continued
Philip sent the Duke of Alva, whose actions
included the sacking of Antwerp.
Following the sacking of Antwerp, the
Catholic provinces left the Dutch alliance
and joined with the Spanish.

73
The Catholic provinces eventually became
Belgium, while the Calvinist ones became the
Netherlands.
The Spanish Armada (1588)
Great rivalry existed between Spain and
England over control of the seas and control
of new world wealth.
Relations between the two nations had not
been very good for a long time.
Philip decided to attack England in an
attempt to restore Catholicism to the nation
in 1588.
74
Reasons for the Attack
Philip had been married to Mary I (Eng). After
her death, Philip made some overtures to
Elizabeth I and she refused to marry him.
Wanted to restore Catholicism to England.
Angry that England had aided the Dutch in their
fight against Spain.
Resented English power in the new world and
resented the attacks of the English “sea dogs” on
Spanish galleons.
75
The Defeat of Spain
The English decisively defeated the
Spanish Armada in 1588, thus preventing
any Spanish acquisition of England.
This defeat forever weakened Spain and led
to its decline in the next century.
76
The Dutch Republic
Secured de facto independence from Spain
by the late 1500’s due to weakening of
Spanish power.

This was made official in 1648.
Golden Age of the Dutch Republic: early
1600’s due to political stability, economic
prosperity, and cultural achievements.
77
The Thirty Years’ War (1618
- 1648)
Forever weakened the HRE and paved the
way for French continental supremacy.
Approx. 1/3 of the population died and
approx. 1/2 of the wealth of the German
states was depleted.

78
This decimation set the stage for the long-term
fragmentation of central Europe.
The Bohemian Phase
- 1625)
(1618
Protestant, Frederick V of Bohemia
demanded more autonomy for Bohemia
from Ferdinand II (HRE)
Defenestration of Prague
Rebellion drove the Imperial forces from
Bohemia
The Protestant forces were decisively
defeated at the Battle of White Mountain
and Frederick was deposed.
79
The Danish Phase
- 1629)
(1625
Danish King Christian IV stepped up to lead
the Protestants who were nearly wiped out
after phase I.
The protestant forces experienced more losses
at the hands of Tilly and Wallenstein.
The Edict of Restitution forced protestants to
restore to the Catholic church all lands that had
been taken from it since 1552. This was a
major defeat.
80
The Swedish Phase
1635)
(1630 -
Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus and his army
landed in Germany, starting phase III of the war.
Cardinal Richelieu of Catholic France supported
Gustavus and the Protestant forces in an attempt to
control the power of the Hapsburgs.
Many early protestant victories, but Gustavus was
killed in battle in 1632.
Ferdinand had Wallenstein assassinated in 1634.
Phase was a costly one for both sides.
81
The French Phase
(1635 - 1648)
Sweden was attacked by Denmark in 1635,
because Denmark hoped to break the power of
the Swedish empire.
France sent troops to help Sweden.
Cath. France + Prot. Sweden vs. Cath. HRE +
Prot. Denmark + Cath. Spain
1645: Denmark surrendered
1648: Germans called for a truce.
82
The Treaty of Westphalia
(1648)
Renewed the Peace of Augsburg (cuius
regio, eius religio).
Officially recognized Calvinism as a legal
religion
nullified the Edict of Restitution (whoever
owned the land in 1624 got it back)
Recognized the independence of
Switzerland and the Netherlands
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Westphalia, continued
German princes given more sovereignty
(they now had the right to raise armies and
conclude foreign alliances)
All agreed to settle their religious disputes
through negotiation, rather than edict or
majority vote.
This treaty permanently weakened and
fragmented the HRE.
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THE FRENCH CIVIL WARS
Although France had only a small minority
of Huguenots (approx. 9% in 1560), they
had far more power than their numbers,
because most protestants were upper middle
class persons or members of the nobility.
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Many of these Huguenots became Calvinist as
an excuse to take a stand against the power of
the Valois family.
Francis I and Henry II
Both of these kings were concerned about the
growing Protestant minority and actively
persecuted the Calvinists.
Unfortunately, Henry II died while his sons
were quite young, leaving Catherine de Medici
as the queen mother. Catherine had a difficult
time dealing with the various political and
religious factions in France and her religious
policies were disastrous for the nation.
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More Wars
Religious intolerance culminated in the St.
Bartholomew’s Day massacre in 1572 when
Coligny (Prot. advisor) and several
thousand Parisian Protestants were killed.
This again ignited more warfare and led
France into the “War of the Three Henry’s.”
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The War of the Three Henry’s
In this war, England helped the Protestant
forces, and Spain helped the Catholics.
King Henry III (Cath.) and Henry of
Navarre (Prot.) vs. Henry Guise (Cath.)
Henry III was killed, and Henry of Navarre
won a series of military victories which
established him as King Henry IV and
created a new ruling dynasty in France--the
Bourbons.
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King Henry IV (1589 - 1610)
When he took over, France was in a state of
religious and political disorder, and the
central government was severely weakened.
Henry rebuilt a devastated France with the
help of his advisor, the Duke of Sully.
1593: Henry became Catholic (“Paris is
worth a mass”).
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Achievements of Henry IV
1598: Edict of Nantes – granted religious
toleration to Protestants (1st legal
recognition of Calvinism in any nation).

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Catholicism was still the national religion (The
religion of most Frenchmen)
Protestants could worship freely in Protestant
cities and could again own property.
More Achievements
Strengthened the power of the monarch by
weakening the power of the nobility.
Restored the bankrupt government to
solvency
Began an extensive program for economic
improvements--repairing and constructing
roads, bridges and harbors, reclaiming
marsh lands, and fostering agriculture.
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