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TheEarthandOurMoon Earth • Ofalltheplanetsthathavebeendiscovered,earthistheonlyoneknowntohavelife. • Itislocatedinjusttherightspotthatitdoesn’tgettoodangerouslyhotorcold. • Waterisessentialforlifetoexist.Earthisabout70percentwater. • Whatisearthmadeof? LayersofEarth • Ifweweretoslicethroughplanetearth,wewouldseemultiplelayers….muchlikethat ofanonion. • Earthhas4layers. • Thecrustistheouterlayerthatwewalkon.Itrangesfromabout40milesdeeptoonly 3or4milesdeepontheoceanfloor.Itisthethinnestoftheearth’slayers. • Earth’scrustismadeupofprimarilyrock(graniteandbasalt). • Theoutercrustofearthisbrokenintogiantslabsofrockcalledtectonicplates. • Itseemstousthatthegroundthatwewalkonisn’tmoving;however,tectonicplates areconstantlyinmotion. • Ingeneral,theseplatesmoveataspeedof1–6inchesperyear. • Whathappenswhentectonicplatesshift? • Locatedrightbelowthecrustistheearth’smantle. • Thisisthethickestlayerofourplanet(about1800milesdeep). • Itismadeofextremelyhotrockthatslowlymovesaroundlikethickmolasses. • Thenextlayeriscalledtheoutercore.Itismadeupofironandnickel. • Thisironandnickelcausesamagneticfield. • Theoutercorehasatemperatureofbetween4000and9000degrees.Theironand nickelinthislayerswirlsaround. • Thislayerisabout1400milesthick-thedistancebetweenGRandMiami,Florida(22 hoursofdriving). • Themagneticfieldfoundinthislayeroftheearthisimportantinprotectingusfrom solarwinds. • Solarwindsaretheparticlesthatareconstantlyeruptingfromthesun(solarflares). • Ourmagneticfieldkeepstheseparticlesfromdamagingearth.Itisalsowhathelpsto producethegorgeouscolorsfromAuroraBorealis. • SomescientistsbelievethatMarslostit’smagneticfieldalongtimeagocausingall potentiallifeonthatplanettobelost. • Acompassworksbecauseofthemagneticfieldofearth.Itwillautomaticallypointin thedirectionofthenorthpole. • Theinnercoreofearthissolidmetal. • Itisasiftheironandnickelarebeingpushedtogethersotheycannolongermove. • Theinnercorecanreachatemperatureofgreaterthan10,000degreeswhichiswhat thesurfaceofoursunmeasuresintemperature. • Itisabout800milesdeep.(FromGrandRapidstoAtlanta,GA). Moon • Thedefinitionofamoonisa“naturalsatellite.”Amoonisanobjectthatorbitsaplanet. • Someofourplanetshavemanymoons….Jupiteristhoughttohaveatleast16 moons…maybemore. • Ourmoonisthebrightestobjectinthesky. • Therearemanyideasastohowthemoonformed. • Somescientistsbelievethatitisanasteroidthatwas“captured”byearth’sgravitywhen itgottooclose. • Anotherideaisthatawanderingplanet(aboutthesizeofMars)crashedintoearthand themoonisthedebristhatwasleftbehind.Thisiscalledthe“bigsplashtheory.”Some scientistssaythatthisiswhymoonrockissimilartorockthatisfoundonearth. • Otherpeoplebelievethatthemoon….liketheearth,wascreatedintentionallybyGod. • Regardlessofyourbeliefs,therearethingsthatwecanlearnaboutthemoon. • Themoonisapproximately240,000milesaway.Thatwouldtake153daysofdrivingat 65mphfor24hoursperday(nobathroombreaks). • Itisabout2100mileswidewhichisalittlebitlessthanthewidthoftheUnitedStates. • Themooninnerpartofthemoonismadeofincrediblyhot,butsolidiron. • Movingoutwards,themoonismadeofrockandmineralsthatarefoundonearth. • Themaximumtemperatureofthemoonis250degreesF.Atnight,thetemperaturecan reach-250degrees. • Thesurfaceofthemooniscoveredincraters.Theseareformedfromrocks…or asteroidshittingthemoon.Themoondoesnothaveanatmospheretoprotectitfrom asteroidsetc…. • Thereisalsoatallmountainonthemoon.ItiscalledMonsHuygensanditisabout3 milestall.ThisisjustoverhalfthesizeofMountEverest….whichisthetallestmountain intheworld. • Themoonhasnoatmosphere(noairtobreathe)whichmeansthatthefootprintsthat wereleftbyNeilArmstrongin1969willbethereforever! Moonphases • Sincethemoonrevolvesororbitsaroundtheearthevery27days,eachnight,weseea differentamountofthemoon.Thesearecalledmoonphases. Eclipses • EclipseshappenwhenEarthandtheMoonlineupwiththeSunandcastshadowson eachother. • Inalunareclipse,theearthmovesbetweenthesunandthemoon.Thiscausesthe moontobepartiallyorfullyblockedbytheshadowofearth. • Asolareclipseoccurswhenthemoonmovesbetweentheearthandthesun.Whenthe moonandsunareinaperfectline,atotalsolareclipsehappens. • ThenexttotalsolareclipsewillbeonAugust21,2017.Unfortunately,GrandRapidswill onlybeabletoseeapartialeclipse. OrbitandRotationoftheEarth • Whatmakesaday?Whatmakesayearorourseasons? • Theanswerliesintheorbitoftheearth. • Ourearthspinsonit’saxis.Ittakes24hourstospinonefullrotation. • Wehavedaylightwhenwearefacingthesun. • Asourdayends….andourviewofthesunfades,acrosstheplanet,theyarehavinga sunriseandanewday. • Ourseasonsoccurbecauseittakes365daysforourearthtorotatearoundthesun. Whenweareclosesttothesun,itissummer.Rightnow,Michiganisfacingawayfrom thesunsowearehavingwinter. • Haveyoueverbeentotheoceanandnoticedthatatsometimesduringthedaythere appearstobemoreorlesswateronthebeach? • Hightideiswhenthewaterlevelishigher.Lowtideiswhenthewaterlevelislower. • Thisiscausedbythegravitationalpullofthemoon. • Theearthandthemoonareattractedtoeachother….likemagnets. • ThemoontriestopullatanythingontheEarthtobringitcloser.But,theEarthisableto holdontoeverythingexceptthewater. • Thiscausestheretobebulgesintheearthandtimesduringthedaywhenwaterisbeing pulledcloserandfarther. • TheBayofFundyinCanadaisthoughttohavethemostextremehighandlowtides. Differencebetweenhighandlowtidehereis48feetofwater. TypesofMoons • Supermoon-Thisisafullmoonthatoccurswhenthemoonisclosetoearthinit’sorbit. Itusuallyappearslargerinthesky.ThenextonewillbeDecember3,2017. • Abluemoonissaidtooccurwhenthereare2fullmoonsinamonth. • TheharvestmoonisthefullmoonclosesttotheAutumnequinox-usuallythe Septemberfullmoon.Thismoonisspecialbecauseitisintheskylongerthanotherfull moon’s.Itiscalledtheharvestmoonbecauselongago,farmerswouldusetheextra lightitprovidedtoharvesttheircrops.
